Cancer Knowledge Quiz: France

Introduction to Therapies in Oncology

• Therapies in Oncology is a graduate school course.
• This specific course is part of a larger M2 International program
• The image depicts cancer cells and circulatory system.

Cancer in France

• Cancer is the leading cause of death in men and the second leading cause of death in women in France.
• Data for different cancer types in adults and children, and their trends were provided.

Organ of Origin/Survival

• Survival rates at 5 years (2010-2015) vary by cancer type.
• Some cancers have very low 5 year survival rates.

Definitions

• A neoplasm/tumor is an abnormal and excessive tissue growth.
• Neoplasms are categorized into benign, in situ, unknown behavior, and malignant (cancer).
• Cancer is the focus of oncology studies.
• Different stages like In situ, invasive, circulating, micrometastasis, and metastasis are shown in diagrams.

10 Hallmarks of Cancer

• The 10 hallmarks of Cancer, according to Hanahan and Weinberg, are outlined.

Proto-oncogenes/Tumor Suppressor Genes

• Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors are discussed, including their roles in carcinogenesis.
• Multi-step mutations are key components of acquiring cancer.
• The diagram displays the different steps in tumor development from normal cell to cancer cell and the different stages of mutational burden.

Multistep Carcinogenesis

• The diagram outlines the stages of multistep carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion, dysplasia, progression) and their associations with cancer spread in various organs (brain, bone, lung, liver, kidney).

Clonal Evolution of Cancer

• The diagram illustrates the different ecosystems and cancer progression.
• Cancer subclones, genetic diversification, and clonal expansion are visualized in the diagram.

Ecological Invasion/Cancer-Metastasis Invasion

• Invasive species vs cancer cell invasion.
• The different steps in cancer invasion are shown. (Transport, Introduction, Establishment, Spread, Extravasation, and Angiogenesis).

Intratumoral Heterogeneity/Tumor Microenvironment (TME)

• The diagram illustrates the various cells surrounding the tumor (cancer-stem cells (CSCs), functionally diverse cancer cells (clones), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), dormant disseminated tumor cells (DTCs), perivascular niches).
• The relationship between the tumor and surrounding cells (immune cells, vasculature, etc.)

Intratumoral Heterogeneity/Tumor Microenvironment (TME)

• Diagram shows cancer recurrence, cause of death due to metastasis, and secondary tumors.
• Immune-suppressive (protumoral) components, myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs), regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg), and cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes are presented. Cells surrounding tumors (macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)).
• The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a key factor in cancer development, growth, and spread.

Intratumoral heterogeneity/tumor microenvironment (TME)

• Diagram highlights drug influences, lactate, ROS, necrosis, disrupting basement membranes, tissue stiffness, increasing fibrosis, and cancer cell response (invasion, survival, and proliferation).

Intratumoral heterogeneity/tumor microenvironment (TME)

• Diagram shows tumor extracellular vesicles, affecting other tumor cells, distant sites premetastasis, cancer microbiome, and systemic influences in cancer development, disease progression, and therapeutic response

Cancer and Nervous System

• Illustrates the central regulation of tumor development, and progression, and the central neuroendocrine system, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal, and the sympatho-adrenal systems.

Cancer Causes

• Cancer causes are separated into inherited mutations, congenital mutations, and during life causes.
• Detailed information regarding inherited mutations, hereditary cancers, familial cancers, and sporadic cancers is provided.

Hereditary Cancer Screening by Oncogenic Test

• A list of hereditary cancer syndromes is listed
• Methods of testing for these syndromes include blood, saliva, and skin samples,

Ways to Reduce Cancer Risk

• Advice for reducing cancer risk, including lifestyle choices, nutrition, and preventive measures, are offered.

Recommended Cancer Screening

• Guidelines for recommended cancer screenings at different ages are presented.
• Information on different screening tests (Pap smear, mammograms, colorectal cancer, prostate exam, etc.) is provided.

Cancer Biomarkers/Tumor Markers

• Different types of biomarkers, including circulating tumor markers and tumor tissue markers, and their uses are outlined.
• Biomarker applications in cancer are described, including predisposition, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, treatment selection, and treatment efficiency monitoring.

FDA-Approved Molecular Biomarkers

• A table of FDA-approved molecular biomarkers (by class, source cancer type, and clinical use).

Others Biomarkers in Liquid Biopsy

• Other biomarkers in blood tests (circulating tumor cells (CTCs), platelets (TEPs), and macrophages (TAMs)), and associated extracellular vesicles and cell sources (cfDNA, ctDNA, cfRNA) along with their usages are discussed.

Cancer Imaging

• Different imaging techniques used for cancer detection and monitoring (ultrasound, MRI, X-ray imaging, CT scan, PET, and SPECT)

Cancer Biopsy

• The process of taking tissue samples (biopsies) is described.
• Biopsy types and considerations or stages of cancer are explained.
• The TNM classification system is mentioned.

Systemic/Local Treatments

• Treatment options for cancer (hormone therapy, surgery, immuno-therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, bone marrow transplantation)

Most Used Treatments in France

• France's most widely used cancer treatments are listed

Other Treatments

• Various treatment modalities, including laser therapy, hyperthermia, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), regional perfusion, and prodrug activation, are discussed.

Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapies

• The steps in neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies—diagnosis, neoadjuvant treatment (before surgery), surgery, and adjuvant treatment (after surgery)—are illustrated.

Second-Line Treatment

• Details on how second-line treatments are used for cancers are provided.

Cancer Chronobiology

• The concept of cancer chronobiology and its implications for treatment are explained.

Complementary Medicine

• Complementary therapies to aid in cancer care, including nutrition, meditation, sophrology, hypnosis, art therapy, physiotherapy, massage therapy, burn healing, and adapted physical activity, are shown.

Aging and Cancer

• The relationship between aging and cancer risk is highlighted.
• The different stages in organismal organization and aging-related changes are shown.

Prostate Cancers: Screening, Diagnosis & Treatments

• Screening, diagnosis, and treatment options for prostate cancer are explained.

Triple Negative Breast Cancers (TNBC): Screening, Diagnosis & Treatments

• Screening, diagnosis, and treatment options for triple-negative breast cancer are provided.

Lung Cancers: Screening, Diagnosis & Treatments

• Lung cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment options are described.

Colorectal Cancers: Screening, Diagnosis & Treatments

• Colorectal cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment options are shown.

Rethinking the War on Cancer

• The challenges and new approaches in cancer research and treatment are discussed.

Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

• The steps in conducting a clinical trial are given, from preclinical lab studies to phase IV.

Clinical Trial Parameters

• Criteria for enrolling patients, treatment strategies, response evaluation techniques, tolerance assessment to treatments (adverse events, QOL), and patient-reported measures are outlined.

Precision Medicine Trial

• The types of precision medicine trials (umbrella trials and basket trials) and their applications are mentioned.

Clinical Trial Endpoints

• Various clinical trial endpoints are described such as Overall Survival (OS), Progression-Free Survival (PFS), Overall Response Rate (ORR), and Duration of Response (DoR). A deeper explanation of each of these parameters is given.

Overall Survival in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer

• Graph illustrates overall survival rates in metastatic breast cancer patients, stratified by circulating tumor cell (CTC) levels.

Kaplan-Meier (KM) Curve

• The statistical method for visualizing survival data, including censored data, in clinical trials is shown.

Hazard Ratio, Odds Ratio, and Relative Risk

• How statistical measures like hazard ratio, odds ratio, and relative risk are used to determine treatment effectiveness in clinical trials.

Cancer Hazard Ratio per 1-hour Increase in TV Viewing Time

• Graph displaying hazard ratios per hour increase in TV viewing time in correlation to different cancer types.

PanCancer Atlas: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genome Tissue Expression (GTEx)

• Illustration of the TCGA and GTEx datasets. These projects provide comprehensive data on cancer, types, genes, and molecular information on cancers.

Other Large-Scale Genomic Datasets

• Other large-scale datasets, such as the Cancer Genome Characterization Initiative (CGCI), Cancer Target Discovery Network (CTD²), and Human Cancer Models, are mentioned

Large-scale genomic exploration tool from cBio

• A tool for exploring genomic data relating cancers is discussed.

Lectures in Therapies in Oncology

• The lecture schedule, speakers, and topics are detailed. The lecture details and speakers include specifics like date and times.

To Go Further

• Links to various resources for further research regarding cancer treatments, organizations, and relevant courses.

To go further

• A list of major organizations involved in cancer research.

You may apply for an M2/PhD internship

• The specifics of the opportunity for an internship are provided.