Cancer Knowledge Quiz: France
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What is the leading cause of death for men in France?

  • Accidents
  • Heart disease
  • Lung disease
  • Cancer (correct)

    • Breast cancer has a better prognosis than pancreatic cancer.

    True

    What is a neoplasm more commonly known as?

    tumor

    In France, the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women is _____ cancer.

    <p>breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cancer with their organ of origin:

    <p>Prostate = Male reproductive system Lung = Respiratory system Colorectal = Digestive system Melanoma = Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of cancer has a 5-year survival rate of less than 25%?

    <p>Oesophagus cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukemia originates in the lymphatic system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer is most commonly associated with central nervous system?

    <p>brain cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neoplasm is a skin mole considered?

    <p>Benign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In situ neoplasms are always considered malignant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one example of a tumor suppressor gene.

    <p>p53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body is known as __________.

    <p>metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of neoplasms with their definitions.

    <p>Benign neoplasms = Non-cancerous growths In situ neoplasms = Localized tumors with potential malignancy Malignant neoplasms = Cancerous tumors that invade surrounding tissues Neoplasms of unknown behavior = Tumors with uncertain progression and impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hallmark of cancer enables cells to replicate indefinitely?

    <p>Enabling replicative immortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can be single or clustered.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of oncology?

    <p>Cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proto-oncogenes, when activated, can lead to __________ in cells.

    <p>cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to cancer spread with their definitions.

    <p>Intravasation = Invasion of cancer cells into the bloodstream Extravasation = Exit of cancer cells from the bloodstream to tissues Micrometastasis = Small clusters of cancer cells that spread to distant locations Dormant disseminated tumor cells = Cancer cells that are spread but remain inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a known tumor suppressor gene?

    <p>Myc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genomic instability only occurs in benign neoplasms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary sites where cancer can originate?

    <p>Brain, bone, lung, liver, kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term for tumors that have an uncertain progression is __________.

    <p>neoplasms of unknown behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique uses low doses of radioactive substances linked to compounds used by the body's cells?

    <p>Positron emission tomography (PET)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adenocarcinoma originates from connective tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the 'T', 'N', and 'M' represent in the TNM classification system?

    <p>T: size of the tumor, N: regional lymph node invasion, M: distant metastases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of ____________ therapy is to shrink a tumor before surgery.

    <p>neoadjuvant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cancer types with their origins:

    <p>Adenocarcinoma = Epithelial tissue Osteosarcoma = Connective tissue Leukemia = Bone marrow Lymphoma = Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common local treatment method?

    <p>Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adjuvant therapy is designed to treat cancer after surgery to prevent recurrence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of diagnostic imaging techniques like MRI and CT?

    <p>To obtain detailed images of the body's internal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ therapy uses laser light to destroy abnormal tissues.

    <p>LASER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cancer types primarily affects lymphatic tissue?

    <p>Lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of second-line treatment?

    <p>To be applied when initial treatment fails or has intolerable side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Circadian medicine solely focuses on cancer toxicity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is commonly used for prostate cancer screening?

    <p>Digital rectal exam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment strategy for lung cancers can include __________ therapy and chemotherapy.

    <p>targeted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cancer type to its corresponding screening method:

    <p>Prostate cancer = PSA test Lung cancer = Low-dose computed tomography Colorectal cancer = Colonoscopy Triple-negative breast cancer = Mammography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of complementary medicine for cancer?

    <p>Yoga</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of hormone therapy in cancer treatment is to directly remove tumors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biological process is linked with drug metabolism that affects cancer treatment outcomes?

    <p>Circadian rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breast cancer classified as TNBC lacks the receptors for __________, __________, and __________.

    <p>progesterone, estrogen, HER2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cancer treatments with their respective cancer types:

    <p>Olaparib = Breast cancer Sipuleucel-T = Prostate cancer Docetaxel = Lung cancer FOLFOX = Colorectal cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer treatment is characterized by the combination of oxaliplatin, leucovorin, and 5-FU?

    <p>FOLFOX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunotherapy is a recent addition to cancer treatment options.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common method for diagnosing non-small cell lung cancer?

    <p>Biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Screening for colorectal cancer may involve tests such as fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and __________.

    <p>colonoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cancer types with their applicable treatments:

    <p>Prostate cancer = Androgen deprivation therapy Triple-negative breast cancer = Pembrolizumab Lung cancer = VEGF inhibitors Colorectal cancer = Chemoradiotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor in the effectiveness of targeted therapy for lung cancers?

    <p>Specific genetic mutations in tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of circulating tumor cells (CTCs)?

    <p>They cause cancer recurrence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are always beneficial and promote tumor suppression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two inherited cancer syndromes associated with mutations in specific genes.

    <p>BRCA1/2 and Lynch syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ consists of the various cells surrounding a tumor that can influence its behavior.

    <p>tumor microenvironment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cancer markers with their corresponding functions:

    <p>CTCs = Monitor therapy response ctDNA = Screening for recurrence Tumor tissue markers = Diagnosis and staging Biopsy = Determine tumor type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>It can influence cancer cell behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer imaging techniques include methods like ultrasound and X-ray.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do necrotic cells play in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>They can promote inflammation and alter the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    __________ is a type of inherited cancer syndrome associated with the gene TP53.

    <p>Li-Fraumeni syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cancer-causing agents with their disease:

    <p>HPV = Cervical cancer Hepatitis B = Hepatocellular carcinoma Tobacco = Lung cancer Helicobacter pylori = Gastric cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cell is primarily involved in antitumoral activity?

    <p>Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extracellular vesicles have no impact on other tumor cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one factor contributing to tumor heterogeneity.

    <p>Intratumoral genetic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer ___________ is essential for monitoring the treatment efficacy and the possible recurrence of the disease.

    <p>biomarkers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common recommendation for cancer screening?

    <p>Blood pressure test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was the War on Cancer launched by the US Congress and Richard Nixon?

    <p>1971</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acronym DLT stands for Dose Limiting Toxicity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CR stand for in tumor response evaluation?

    <p>Complete Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recommended phase 2 dose is usually the highest dose with acceptable _______.

    <p>toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the cancer terminology with its correct description:

    <p>PR = Partial Response SD = Stable Disease PD = Progressive Disease CR = Complete Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an adverse event during cancer treatment?

    <p>Improved immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptive and evasive resistance of cancers can be compared to a military battle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Objective Response Rate (ORR) in clinical trials?

    <p>Measure of the tumor burden after treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical trials often involve ______ trial parameters such as eligibility criteria and treatment regimens.

    <p>defined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cancer treatment outcomes with their meanings:

    <p>CR = All signs of cancer have disappeared PR = Some cancer signs have diminished SD = Cancer has not progressed or worsened PD = Cancer has worsened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT impact the quality of life in cancer patients?

    <p>Patient age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patient-reported outcome measures (PROs) focus solely on clinical assessment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym RECIST stand for in cancer research?

    <p>Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overall survival data is available earlier than ______ data.

    <p>overall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following clinical trial terms with their definitions:

    <p>Arm = Group or subgroup of participants in a trial Cohort = A group of people in a study Eligibility criteria = Requirements for participant inclusion Safety = Assessment of potential treatment risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Therapies in Oncology

    • Therapies in Oncology is a graduate school course.
    • This specific course is part of a larger M2 International program
    • The image depicts cancer cells and circulatory system.

    Cancer in France

    • Cancer is the leading cause of death in men and the second leading cause of death in women in France.
    • Data for different cancer types in adults and children, and their trends were provided.

    Organ of Origin/Survival

    • Survival rates at 5 years (2010-2015) vary by cancer type.
    • Some cancers have very low 5 year survival rates.

    Definitions

    • A neoplasm/tumor is an abnormal and excessive tissue growth.
    • Neoplasms are categorized into benign, in situ, unknown behavior, and malignant (cancer).
    • Cancer is the focus of oncology studies.
    • Different stages like In situ, invasive, circulating, micrometastasis, and metastasis are shown in diagrams.

    10 Hallmarks of Cancer

    • The 10 hallmarks of Cancer, according to Hanahan and Weinberg, are outlined.

    Proto-oncogenes/Tumor Suppressor Genes

    • Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors are discussed, including their roles in carcinogenesis.
    • Multi-step mutations are key components of acquiring cancer.
    • The diagram displays the different steps in tumor development from normal cell to cancer cell and the different stages of mutational burden.

    Multistep Carcinogenesis

    • The diagram outlines the stages of multistep carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion, dysplasia, progression) and their associations with cancer spread in various organs (brain, bone, lung, liver, kidney).

    Clonal Evolution of Cancer

    • The diagram illustrates the different ecosystems and cancer progression.
    • Cancer subclones, genetic diversification, and clonal expansion are visualized in the diagram.

    Ecological Invasion/Cancer-Metastasis Invasion

    • Invasive species vs cancer cell invasion.
    • The different steps in cancer invasion are shown. (Transport, Introduction, Establishment, Spread, Extravasation, and Angiogenesis).

    Intratumoral Heterogeneity/Tumor Microenvironment (TME)

    • The diagram illustrates the various cells surrounding the tumor (cancer-stem cells (CSCs), functionally diverse cancer cells (clones), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), dormant disseminated tumor cells (DTCs), perivascular niches).
    • The relationship between the tumor and surrounding cells (immune cells, vasculature, etc.)

    Intratumoral Heterogeneity/Tumor Microenvironment (TME)

    • Diagram shows cancer recurrence, cause of death due to metastasis, and secondary tumors.
    • Immune-suppressive (protumoral) components, myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs), regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg), and cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes are presented. Cells surrounding tumors (macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)).
    • The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a key factor in cancer development, growth, and spread.

    Intratumoral heterogeneity/tumor microenvironment (TME)

    • Diagram highlights drug influences, lactate, ROS, necrosis, disrupting basement membranes, tissue stiffness, increasing fibrosis, and cancer cell response (invasion, survival, and proliferation).

    Intratumoral heterogeneity/tumor microenvironment (TME)

    • Diagram shows tumor extracellular vesicles, affecting other tumor cells, distant sites premetastasis, cancer microbiome, and systemic influences in cancer development, disease progression, and therapeutic response

    Cancer and Nervous System

    • Illustrates the central regulation of tumor development, and progression, and the central neuroendocrine system, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal, and the sympatho-adrenal systems.

    Cancer Causes

    • Cancer causes are separated into inherited mutations, congenital mutations, and during life causes.
    • Detailed information regarding inherited mutations, hereditary cancers, familial cancers, and sporadic cancers is provided.

    Hereditary Cancer Screening by Oncogenic Test

    • A list of hereditary cancer syndromes is listed
    • Methods of testing for these syndromes include blood, saliva, and skin samples,

    Ways to Reduce Cancer Risk

    • Advice for reducing cancer risk, including lifestyle choices, nutrition, and preventive measures, are offered.
    • Guidelines for recommended cancer screenings at different ages are presented.
    • Information on different screening tests (Pap smear, mammograms, colorectal cancer, prostate exam, etc.) is provided.

    Cancer Biomarkers/Tumor Markers

    • Different types of biomarkers, including circulating tumor markers and tumor tissue markers, and their uses are outlined.
    • Biomarker applications in cancer are described, including predisposition, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, treatment selection, and treatment efficiency monitoring.

    FDA-Approved Molecular Biomarkers

    • A table of FDA-approved molecular biomarkers (by class, source cancer type, and clinical use).

    Others Biomarkers in Liquid Biopsy

    • Other biomarkers in blood tests (circulating tumor cells (CTCs), platelets (TEPs), and macrophages (TAMs)), and associated extracellular vesicles and cell sources (cfDNA, ctDNA, cfRNA) along with their usages are discussed.

    Cancer Imaging

    • Different imaging techniques used for cancer detection and monitoring (ultrasound, MRI, X-ray imaging, CT scan, PET, and SPECT)

    Cancer Biopsy

    • The process of taking tissue samples (biopsies) is described.
    • Biopsy types and considerations or stages of cancer are explained.
    • The TNM classification system is mentioned.

    Systemic/Local Treatments

    • Treatment options for cancer (hormone therapy, surgery, immuno-therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, bone marrow transplantation)

    Most Used Treatments in France

    • France's most widely used cancer treatments are listed

    Other Treatments

    • Various treatment modalities, including laser therapy, hyperthermia, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), regional perfusion, and prodrug activation, are discussed.

    Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapies

    • The steps in neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies—diagnosis, neoadjuvant treatment (before surgery), surgery, and adjuvant treatment (after surgery)—are illustrated.

    Second-Line Treatment

    • Details on how second-line treatments are used for cancers are provided.

    Cancer Chronobiology

    • The concept of cancer chronobiology and its implications for treatment are explained.

    Complementary Medicine

    • Complementary therapies to aid in cancer care, including nutrition, meditation, sophrology, hypnosis, art therapy, physiotherapy, massage therapy, burn healing, and adapted physical activity, are shown.

    Aging and Cancer

    • The relationship between aging and cancer risk is highlighted.
    • The different stages in organismal organization and aging-related changes are shown.

    Prostate Cancers: Screening, Diagnosis & Treatments

    • Screening, diagnosis, and treatment options for prostate cancer are explained.

    Triple Negative Breast Cancers (TNBC): Screening, Diagnosis & Treatments

    • Screening, diagnosis, and treatment options for triple-negative breast cancer are provided.

    Lung Cancers: Screening, Diagnosis & Treatments

    • Lung cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment options are described.

    Colorectal Cancers: Screening, Diagnosis & Treatments

    • Colorectal cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment options are shown.

    Rethinking the War on Cancer

    • The challenges and new approaches in cancer research and treatment are discussed.

    Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

    • The steps in conducting a clinical trial are given, from preclinical lab studies to phase IV.

    Clinical Trial Parameters

    • Criteria for enrolling patients, treatment strategies, response evaluation techniques, tolerance assessment to treatments (adverse events, QOL), and patient-reported measures are outlined.

    Precision Medicine Trial

    • The types of precision medicine trials (umbrella trials and basket trials) and their applications are mentioned.

    Clinical Trial Endpoints

    • Various clinical trial endpoints are described such as Overall Survival (OS), Progression-Free Survival (PFS), Overall Response Rate (ORR), and Duration of Response (DoR). A deeper explanation of each of these parameters is given.

    Overall Survival in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer

    • Graph illustrates overall survival rates in metastatic breast cancer patients, stratified by circulating tumor cell (CTC) levels.

    Kaplan-Meier (KM) Curve

    • The statistical method for visualizing survival data, including censored data, in clinical trials is shown.

    Hazard Ratio, Odds Ratio, and Relative Risk

    • How statistical measures like hazard ratio, odds ratio, and relative risk are used to determine treatment effectiveness in clinical trials.

    Cancer Hazard Ratio per 1-hour Increase in TV Viewing Time

    • Graph displaying hazard ratios per hour increase in TV viewing time in correlation to different cancer types.

    PanCancer Atlas: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genome Tissue Expression (GTEx)

    • Illustration of the TCGA and GTEx datasets. These projects provide comprehensive data on cancer, types, genes, and molecular information on cancers.

    Other Large-Scale Genomic Datasets

    • Other large-scale datasets, such as the Cancer Genome Characterization Initiative (CGCI), Cancer Target Discovery Network (CTD²), and Human Cancer Models, are mentioned

    Large-scale genomic exploration tool from cBio

    • A tool for exploring genomic data relating cancers is discussed.

    Lectures in Therapies in Oncology

    • The lecture schedule, speakers, and topics are detailed. The lecture details and speakers include specifics like date and times.

    To Go Further

    • Links to various resources for further research regarding cancer treatments, organizations, and relevant courses.

    To go further

    • A list of major organizations involved in cancer research.

    You may apply for an M2/PhD internship

    • The specifics of the opportunity for an internship are provided.

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    Introduction to Therapies in Oncology PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge about cancer statistics and types in France. This quiz covers various aspects of cancer, including causes, survival rates, and organ associations. Challenge yourself and learn important facts about cancer in men and women.

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