Cancer: Genetic Disease Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of cells do most cancer-causing mutations occur in?

  • Somatic cells (correct)
  • Stem cells
  • Reproductive cells
  • Germ cells

    • What is the main difference between cancer and many genetic diseases?

  • Cancer develops from multiple gene mutations, genetic diseases result from single mutations. (correct)
  • Cancer is caused by environmental factors, genetic diseases are purely genetic.
  • Cancer is always hereditary, genetic diseases are not.
  • Genetic diseases cannot spread, cancer can metastasize.

    • In the context of cancer, what is apoptosis?

  • Cell differentiation
  • Cell division
  • Cell death (correct)
  • Cell migration

    • Which of the following is a common property shared by all cancers?

    <p>Abnormal cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of mutations are responsible for only a small percentage of cancers?

    <p>Inherited mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT influenced by mutations in cancer according to the text?

    <p>Cell fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of genetic changes that can occur in cancer cells?

    <p>From single-nucleotide substitutions to larger-scale chromosome changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the spread and formation of metastases in cancer cells?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are malignant tumors more challenging to treat compared to benign tumors?

    <p>Malignant tumors contain cells that can spread and form secondary tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of knowing that cancer cells are clonal?

    <p>It helps in diagnosing and treating cancer effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of clonal cancer cells within a tumor?

    <p>They have identical translocation breakpoints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic mutations do cancer cells accumulate?

    <p>Specific genetic mutations that cause abnormal behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do benign tumors differ from malignant tumors?

    <p>Malignant tumors have cells that can metastasize, unlike benign ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cancers are Reciprocal Chromosomal Translocations common?

    <p>Leukemia and lymphomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of X-chromosome inactivation pattern in cancer cells?

    <p>Confirm clonal origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In females, why do all cancer cells within a tumor have the same inactivated X chromosome?

    <p>Random X-chromosome inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic shared by Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) and normal stem cells?

    <p>Self-renewal ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesis proposes the presence of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) as the origin of cancer cells?

    <p>Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do stem cells divide during the self-renewal process?

    <p>Asymmetrically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor contributing to tumor growth according to the text?

    <p>Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs randomly in cells during early development?

    <p>$X$-chromosome inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells within tumors proliferate and give rise to various cell types?

    <p>$W$-Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes tumors heterogeneous according to the text?

    <p>$W$-Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells within tumors do not proliferate according to the text?

    <p>Z-Chromosome Non-proliferating Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why cancer is classified as a genetic disease?

    <p>It involves changes in the genes of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular functions can be influenced by mutations in cancer cells according to the text?

    <p>Repairing damaged DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cancer development from many genetic diseases?

    <p>Arises from the accumulation of many mutations in different genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do most cancer-causing mutations differ from those causing inherited diseases?

    <p>They occur in somatic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary property shared by all types of cancers?

    <p>Defects in normal cell proliferation controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cancer cells differ from normal stem cells?

    <p>Cancer cells have unlimited self-renewal potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in treating a diverse group of cancers, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Targeting the accumulation of multiple mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are most cancers caused by somatic mutations rather than inherited mutations?

    <p>Somatic mutations accumulate over time in non-reproductive cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?

    <p>Benign tumors can be removed without serious harm, while malignant tumors can spread and form secondary tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it significant that cancer cells are clonal within a tumor?

    <p>It aids in treating cancer effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cancers are reciprocal chromosomal translocations commonly observed?

    <p>Leukemia and lymphomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes malignant tumors more challenging to treat compared to benign tumors?

    <p>Malignant tumors can break away, spread, and form secondary tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of clonal cancer cells within a tumor?

    <p>They come from a single cell that contained a number of mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do malignant tumors differ from benign tumors?

    <p>Malignant tumors can spread and form secondary tumors, while benign tumors cannot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do reciprocal chromosomal translocations play in Burkitt lymphoma?

    <p>Resulting in identical translocation breakpoints in lymphoma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does X-chromosome inactivation in cancer cells confirm?

    <p>Their clonal origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs randomly in cells during early development?

    <p>X-chromosome inactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells within tumors are responsible for tumor growth and share traits with normal stem cells?

    <p>Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) share with normal stem cells?

    <p>Ability to generate various cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes tumors heterogeneous according to the text?

    <p>Contain CSCs and non-proliferating cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is related to cancer cell origins and suggests the presence of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)?

    <p>Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do stem cells divide during the self-renewal process?

    <p>Asymmetrically, generating one differentiated cell and one stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of clonal cancer cells within a tumor?

    <p>Their shared inactive X chromosome origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) within tumors?

    <p>To contribute to tumor growth and heterogeneity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    X-Chromosome Inactivation

    • X-chromosome inactivation occurs randomly in cells during early development
    • In females, all cancer cells within a tumor, including primary and metastatic tumors, have the same inactivated X chromosome
    • X-chromosome inactivation pattern in cancer cells confirms their clonal origin

    Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis

    • Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are cells within tumors that proliferate and give rise to various cell types in the tumor
    • CSCs share traits with normal stem cells, such as self-renewal ability and undifferentiated state
    • Tumors are heterogeneous, containing non-proliferating cells and CSCs responsible for tumor growth

    Cancer as a Genetic Disease

    • Cancer is a genetic disease, meaning it involves changes in the genes of cells
    • Genomic alterations can range from small changes in the DNA sequence to larger-scale changes in chromosomes
    • Most cancer-causing mutations occur in somatic cells, which are the non-reproductive cells in our body
    • Cancer typically develops from the accumulation of many mutations in different genes over time

    Characteristics of Cancer

    • Cancer is a complex group of diseases, possibly up to a hundred, each behaving differently based on their cellular origin and genetic alterations
    • All cancers share two fundamental properties: abnormal cell growth and division (proliferation), and defects in the normal controls that prevent cells from spreading and forming metastases (metastasis)
    • These properties arise from mutations or inappropriate expression of genes that control cell growth and metastasis

    Clonal Origin of Cancer Cells

    • Cancer cells in both primary and secondary tumors are clonal, meaning they originate from a single cell that contained a number of mutations
    • All cancer cells within a tumor come from one common ancestral cell
    • Specific genetic mutations cause cancer cells to behave abnormally
    • Knowing that cancer cells are clonal aids in diagnosing and treating cancer effectively

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