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Questions and Answers
What is the Knudson 2 hit hypothesis in the context of tumor suppressor genes?
Most tumor suppressor genes require both alleles to be inactivated.
Explain how Retinoblastoma (Rb) acts as a tumor suppressor gene.
Single phosphorylated Rb sequesters E2F proteins while multiply phosphorylated Rb cannot bind and sequester E2F, allowing them to send the cell into S phase.
What is the significance of mitotic recombination in familial cancers with mutated tumor suppressor genes?
Early cancer cells aim to eliminate wild type copies of TSG through mitotic recombination.
How does methylation of the promoter affect tumor suppressor genes?
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What does it mean for a tumor suppressor gene to be haploinsufficient?
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Explain how p53 functions as a tumor suppressor gene in response to DNA damage and dysregulated growth signals.
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Distinguish between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, highlighting their roles in cancer development.
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Describe the mechanism of the Src protein in cancer development, including its effects on downstream signaling pathways.
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Explain the process of anchorage-independent growth in cancer cells, and its significance in cancer development.
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Discuss the role of the Rous sarcoma virus in cancer development, including the genetic material it transmits to host cells.
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Distinguish between immortalization and replicative immortality in cancer cells, highlighting their implications for cancer development.
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Discuss the significance of evading growth suppressors and inducing angiogenesis in cancer development, highlighting their roles in tumor progression.
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What type of mutation directly or indirectly confers a selective growth advantage, leading to the formation of cancer?
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What is the result of the translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, leading to chronic myeloid leukemia?
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How does the inhibition of erbB2/HER2 by Herceptin/Traztuzumab prevent proliferative signaling?
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What type of mutation in the Ras protein can turn it from a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?
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What is the effect of overexpression of erbB2/HER2 in cancer cells?
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What is the mechanism of action of Gleevec/Imatinib in inhibiting the BCR-ABL fusion protein?
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What are the two types of repairs that are hindered in cancer cells with undruggable targets, leading to cell death?
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What are the two major barriers to cell immortalization, and how do cancer cells bypass them?
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What are the three types of cellular adaptations that can occur in response to cellular stress, and how do they differ?
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What is the key feature that distinguishes benign tumors from malignant tumors?
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What is EMT, and what are the key changes that occur in epithelial cells that undergo EMT?
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What is the role of telomerase in cancer cells, and how does it contribute to tumorigenesis?
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