Cancer Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of mutation is primarily responsible for inherited cancer susceptibility, such as in BRCA1 and BRCA2?

  • Somatic mutations
  • Acquired mutations
  • Inborn zygotic mutations (correct)
  • Translocations

    • What environmental factor is known to contribute to the aetiology of cancer?

  • Genetic predisposition
  • Viral immunity
  • Antioxidant intake
  • Radiation exposure (correct)

    • Which gene is involved in the development of childhood cancers such as Wilm's tumour?

  • RB
  • p53
  • 11p13 (correct)
  • APC

    • What combination of factors is characteristic of an abnormal tissue microenvironment in cancer?

    <p>Hypoxia, increased fibroblast activity, elevated immune cell presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is most directly associated with mutations in the p53 gene?

    <p>Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinguishing feature of malignant cells compared to benign growth disorders?

    <p>Malignant cells exhibit uncontrolled proliferation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the aetiology of malignant disease?

    <p>It involves a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these characteristics is generally NOT associated with malignant tumors?

    <p>Slow growth rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the eukaryotic cell cycle play in the development of cancer?

    <p>Disruptions in this cycle can lead to uncontrolled cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is least effective in diagnosing malignant disease?

    <p>Physical examination of external symptoms only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the mechanism responsible for tumor progression in malignant disease?

    <p>It involves the accumulation of genetic mutations over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding risk factors associated with certain types of cancer?

    <p>It allows for personalized prevention strategies and early detection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with malignant cells?

    <p>Sensitivity to contact-inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does telomerase play in malignant cells?

    <p>It allows for unlimited replicative potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism do malignant cells employ to survive in ectopic environments?

    <p>Autocrine signaling loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer related to blood vessel formation?

    <p>Sustained angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of malignant cells being insensitive to growth inhibitory signals?

    <p>They can grow unchecked beyond normal limits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic best describes the anchorage-independent growth of malignant cells?

    <p>They can proliferate without being attached to a surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do malignant cells exhibit insensitivity to inhibitory signals?

    <p>By utilizing ligand-independent signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with sustained angiogenesis in malignant cells?

    <p>Secretion of angiogenic factors like VEGF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process allows malignant cells to colonize new tissues?

    <p>Ability to invade surrounding tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT typically associated with dysplastic nevi?

    <p>They have a regular shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes dysplasia?

    <p>It is an alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dysplastic nevi change as they develop?

    <p>They develop irregular shapes and may raise above the skin surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of rete ridge bridging indicate in dysplastic nevi?

    <p>It shows epidermal thickenings extending downward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with having dysplastic nevi?

    <p>They increase the risk of developing melanomas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes hypertrophy from hyperplasia?

    <p>Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size without an increase in number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential morphological feature of dysplasia?

    <p>Significant nuclear atypia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying mechanism is primarily involved in the process of hypertrophy?

    <p>Increased cell size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best characterizes the relationship between dysplastic nevi and skin cancer?

    <p>Dysplastic nevi present a greater risk for melanoma development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the ability of cancer cells compared to normal cells in terms of growth?

    <p>Anchorage-independent growth is present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the spread of cancer cells through the lymphatic system?

    <p>Intravasation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hallmark of cancer could be associated with solitary dormant cells referred to in the content?

    <p>Formation of micrometastases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cancer progression involves cancer cells penetrating blood vessels?

    <p>Intravasation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key mechanism through which tumors gain blood supply to sustain themselves?

    <p>Angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with cancer cells when compared to normal cells?

    <p>Increased growth factor dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cancer progression, what indicates advanced metastatic potential?

    <p>Progressive colonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the spread of cancer cells via bloodstream after entering the circulatory system?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the anchorage-independent growth capability in cancer cells?

    <p>Survival and proliferation without attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'occult micrometastases' refer to in cancer biology?

    <p>Hidden, small clusters of metastatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Outcomes

    • Distinguish benign and malignant growth disorders
    • Describe malignant cell characteristics
    • Discuss the causes of malignant disease, relating specific risk factors to cancer types
    • Explain mechanisms responsible for malignant disease
    • Understand the clinical effects of tumors
    • Assess approaches for diagnosing & treating malignant disease

    Learning Resources

    • Lakhani, S.R., Dilly, S.A., Finlayson, C.J. (2016) Basic Pathology: an introduction to the mechanisms of disease. CRC Press (e-book)
    • Weinberg, R.A. (2014). The Biology of Cancer. Garland Science
    • Other relevant journals, articles & websites

    Revision Reading

    • Chapter 16: Eukaryotic cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis in Thrive in Cell Biology (2013), Wang Q. et al., Oxford University Press
    • Chapter 17: Cell death in Thrive in Cell Biology (2013), Wang Q. et al., Oxford University Press
    • Moodle URL link: e-book: Chapter: Cancer cell biology

    What is Cancer?

    • Cancer is a cellular issue in multicellular organisms
    • Cells develop abnormal properties
    • Cancer is a collection of various diseases
    • Cancer's core feature is uncontrolled growth

    Characteristics of Malignant Cells

    • Loss of growth control (autonomy; insensitivity to inhibitory signals)
    • Resistance to programmed cell death (apoptosis)
    • Unlimited replicative potential (telomeres, telomerase)
    • Sustained angiogenesis (blood vessel formation)
    • Ability to invade surrounding tissue
    • Ability to colonize and survive in different environments (metastasis)
    • Anchorage-independent growth and lose contact inhibition sensitivity

    Causes of Cancer (Aetiology)

    • Mutations (inborn zygotic, somatic)
    • Environmental factors (viruses, chemicals, radiation)
    • Abnormal tissue microenvironment (blood vessels, fibroblasts, immune cells, extracellular matrix and signaling)
    • Hypoxia
    • Age, lifestyle, etc.

    Genetic Mutations & Cancer Risk

    • Inborn/zygotic mutations, somatic mutations
    • BRCA1/2, Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), Wilm's tumor (del 11p13)
    • Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22)
    • Retinoblastoma (RB), Familial adenomatous polyposis.
    • Colorectal cancer (APC)

    Cancer Diagnosis

    • Physical examination (lumps, bleeding etc.)
    • Screening (Pap smears)
    • Routine tests (x-rays, blood tests)
    • Imaging (CT, MRI, PET, ultrasound)
    • Endoscopies
    • Special investigations (markers like catecholamines)
    • Biopsies (histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy)
    • Genetic testing

    Tumor Markers

    • Substances found in bodily fluids, related to malignancy
    • Screening, diagnosing, staging, monitoring, determining treatment approach
    • (e.g., AFP, CA15-3, CA19-9, CA-125, calcitonin, GFAP, MyoD1, PSA, synaptophysin)

    Cancer Cachexia

    • Progressive skeletal muscle loss, adipose tissue waste, inflammation, metabolic changes, leading to reduced function
    • Not dependent on tumor size, varies with tumor type and stage
    • Chemotherapy/radiotherapy may worsen cachexia

    Paraneoplastic Syndromes

    • Symptoms explained by tumors not related to local or distant spread
    • Examples: hypercalcemia, endocrine effects, clubbing, skin rashes, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.

    Clinical Effects of Tumors

    • General effects, local effects, endocrine effects, paraneoplastic syndromes

    Histogenetic Classification

    • Carcinoma (epithelial origin)
    • Sarcoma (connective tissue origin)
    • Others (leukemia, lymphoma, neuroectodermal malignancies, germ tissue)

    Management of Cancers

    • Determined by tumour aggressiveness, spread predictability, treatment morbidity/mortality, curability
    • Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, radiotherapy, bone marrow transplants, targeted therapies

    Chemotherapy

    • A type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill/damage cancer cells
    • Common side effects: infections, diarrhea, nausea, appetite loss, hair loss, anemia

    Targeted Cancer Therapy

    • Drugs/substances that interfere with specific molecules affecting tumor growth and progression

    Proton Therapy

    • Radiation therapy using protons, instead of x-rays, to target cancer
    • May be used alone or combined with other treatments

    HPV Vaccine

    • Vaccine protecting against human papillomavirus (HPV) that can cause certain cancers
    • Varies by country, includes target age groups and gender

    Multi-Step Cancer Progression

    • Tumours develop through multiple stages beginning from DNA damage.

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    Integrated Pathology (6H6Z1002) Malignant Disease Past Paper PDF 2024-25

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the genetic and environmental factors contributing to cancer susceptibility. This quiz covers essential concepts such as gene mutations, tumor characteristics, and the role of the cell cycle in malignancy. Perfect for biology students and cancer research enthusiasts.

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