Cancer Biology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the process where a malignant change occurs in a target cell?

  • Transformation (correct)
  • Metastasis
  • Anaplasia
  • Differentiation

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anaplasia?

  • Prominent nucleoli
  • Loss of polarity
  • Nuclear pleomorphism
  • Well-defined cell borders (correct)

What is the significance of a well-differentiated neoplasm?

  • It is a sign of rapid cell division and growth.
  • It is more likely to be benign and have a better prognosis. (correct)
  • It is a sign of the presence of metastasis.
  • It is more likely to be malignant and have a worse prognosis.

Which of these processes involves the spread of cancer cells to distant sites?

<p>Metastasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of cells changing from an epithelial to a mesenchymal state?

<p>EMT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a marker characteristic of epithelial cells?

<p>FSP1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of EMT in embryonic development?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between anaplasia and prognosis?

<p>Anaplasia is associated with a worse prognosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals does NOT undergo a full Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) during gastrulation?

<p>African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of host fibroblasts in the context of invasive carcinoma?

<p>Production of chemoattractants to stimulate tumor cell motility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tumor cells in the process of angiogenesis in the context of invasive carcinoma?

<p>Production of growth factors to stimulate endothelial cell proliferation and permeability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms is associated with a benign tumor of glandular and fibromyxoid stroma?

<p>Pleomorphic adenoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure on the surface of carcinoma cells that serves as a docking site for latent enzymes like MMPs and uPA?

<p>Invadopodia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of a malignant tumor?

<p>Invasive growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of MMPs and uPA in the context of invasive carcinoma?

<p>Degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM), clearing a pathway for tumor invasion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the relationship between tumor cells and host stromal cells in the context of invasive carcinoma?

<p>Tumor cells exclusively rely on stromal cells for invasion and metastasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a malignant tumor that arises from mesenchymal tissue?

<p>Chondrosarcoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'zone of cross-talk and cooperation' between stromal cells and premalignant epithelium in the context of tumor invasion?

<p>This zone facilitates the exchange of signaling molecules, leading to a breakdown of normal tissue boundaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a malignant tumor that sounds benign?

<p>Fibroadenoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the interaction between tumor cells and stromal cells contribute to the development of invasive carcinoma?

<p>The interaction promotes the growth, motility and invasion of tumor cells, enabling them to spread (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mass of disorganized indigenous tissue is referred to as what?

<p>Hamartoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the premalignant dysplastic changes occurring within an epithelium?

<p>Intraepithelial neoplasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of HPV is associated with a higher risk of cervical cancer?

<p>Types 16 and 18 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer?

<p>Use of oral contraceptives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ECM degradation contribute to carcinoma cell motility?

<p>ECM degradation exposes cryptic RGD sites, which are recognized by integrins, leading to cytoskeletal changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of FAK phosphorylation in the context of ECM degradation and carcinoma cell behavior?

<p>FAK phosphorylation is a key component of signaling pathways that regulate cell survival, proliferation, and motility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is NOT directly involved in the regulation of CDH1 repression and EMT?

<p>uPAR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the role of SNAI1 from SNAI2, ZEB1, ZEB2, and TWIST in EMT?

<p>SNAI1 is an early marker of EMT and may contribute to the induction of other EMT-promoting factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between EMT and MET?

<p>EMT and MET are distinct processes, but cells can undergo a transient MET after an initial EMT. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication of the interplay between CDH1 repressors and the tumor microenvironment?

<p>This interplay can significantly influence the direction and rate of tumor progression by promoting or inhibiting EMT. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does EMT contribute to the metastasis of tumors?

<p>EMT promotes a more motile phenotype, facilitating invasion and spread of tumor cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main takeaway regarding the roles of SNAI1 and SNAI2 in tumor progression?

<p>SNAI1 initiates migration, while SNAI2 maintains migration and contributes to other cancerous properties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cytologic Atypia

Abnormal characteristics in cells, including nuclear enlargement and pleomorphism.

Nuclear Hyperchromasia

Increased nuclear staining indicating high DNA content.

Meningioma

A tumor that arises from the meninges, often benign but can be malignant.

Malignant Transformation

The process where normal cells change into cancerous cells.

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Differentiation in Tumors

The degree to which tumor cells resemble normal cells; poorer differentiation often means worse prognosis.

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Anaplasia

Loss of differentiation in cells, indicative of malignancy.

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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)

Process where epithelial cells transform into mesenchymal cells, often during development or cancer invasion.

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Metastasis

Spread of cancer cells from the primary site to distant organs or tissues.

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Gastrulation

A phase in development where the embryo forms distinct germ layers.

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Epiblast

A layer of cells in the early embryo that contributes to the formation of the embryo and extraembryonic tissues.

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Involution

A process during gastrulation where cells move inward to form new layers.

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Mesoderm

The middle germ layer that forms muscle, bone, and the circulatory system.

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Tumor microenvironment

The surrounding environment of tumor cells that includes various cell types and signaling molecules.

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Cytokines

Small proteins that facilitate communication between cells, especially in immune responses.

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Chemoattractants

Substances that attract cells toward areas of higher concentration, playing a role in cell migration.

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MMPs (Matrix Metalloproteinases)

Enzymes that break down extracellular matrix components, aiding in tissue remodeling.

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ECM Degradation

Breakdown of extracellular matrix releasing growth factors like TGF- and EGF.

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Cognate Receptors

Receptors that specifically bind to growth factors like TGF- R and uPAR on cells.

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Integrins

Proteins that recognize RGD sites exposed by ECM proteolysis, aiding cell adhesion.

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Phosphorylation of FAK

A signaling event enhancing cell motility and survival via various pathways.

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Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)

Process allowing cells to lose adhesion and increase motility during tumor invasion.

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Reverse Mesenchymal–Epithelial Transition (MET)

Process where cells regain epithelial features after having undergone EMT.

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SNAI1 Function

Regulates the initial migratory phenotype and acts as an early EMT marker.

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TGF- Signal

A signal that promotes the repression of CDH1 and triggers EMT in tumor progression.

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Thyroid adenoma

A benign tumor of the thyroid gland.

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Adenocarcinoma

Malignant tumor arising from glandular cells.

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Squamous cell carcinoma

Malignant tumor of squamous cells.

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Dysplasia

Abnormal growth that may indicate precancerous changes.

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Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Premalignant changes in the cervical epithelium.

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A sexually transmitted virus linked to cervical cancer.

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Pleomorphic adenoma

A mixed tumor containing both epithelial and stromal tissues.

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Colon polyp

A growth on the lining of the colon that may become cancerous.

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Neoplasia Outline PDF

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