Cancer Biology and Mitosis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is defined as a change in any gene that can lead to uncontrolled cell division?

  • Anaphase
  • Mitosis
  • Carcinogen
  • Mutation (correct)

Which type of tumor does not spread from its original site?

  • Benign tumor (correct)
  • Malignant tumor
  • Metastatic tumor
  • Carcinogen-induced tumor

What is the term for the process by which cancer spreads to other parts of the body?

  • Metastasis (correct)
  • Apoptosis
  • Hyperplasia
  • Fibrosis

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of malignant tumors?

<p>Do not invade surrounding tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agents are known to cause cancer?

<p>Carcinogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

<p>Condensation of chromatin occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

<p>To enable growth by forming genetically identical cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of mitosis involves the centromere of each chromosome dividing?

<p>Anaphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the cell equator?

<p>Metaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of cytokinesis following mitosis?

<p>Cytoplasm is divided, resulting in two daughter cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mitosis, what are meristems primarily associated with?

<p>Cell division and growth in specific plant regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about asexual reproduction via mitosis is true?

<p>Offspring are genetically identical to the parent organism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to observe mitosis in root tip cells?

<p>Applying a deep purple stain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that differentiates totipotent stem cells from pluripotent stem cells?

<p>Totipotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, including the placenta. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes multipotent stem cells?

<p>They can only produce a limited range of cell types. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows a stem cell to develop into a specialized cell type?

<p>Differentiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about adult stem cells is true?

<p>Adult stem cells have lost some of the potency associated with embryonic stem cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which location can multipotent stem cells be primarily found in adults?

<p>Throughout the body including bone marrow, skin, gut, heart, and brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the formation of a tumor?

<p>Changes in genes that influence cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of potency allows a stem cell to differentiate into any type of cell in an embryo?

<p>Totipotency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the body exhibit mutipotent properties?

<p>Stem cells in the bone marrow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of histones in chromosome structure?

<p>To organize and condense DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the S phase of interphase?

<p>DNA is replicated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of telomeres at the ends of chromosomes?

<p>To protect genetic information during cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and prepare for mitosis?

<p>G2 phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chromosomes is correct?

<p>Chromatids are identical copies joined at the centromere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the movement from one phase of the cell cycle to another?

<p>Chemical signals called cyclins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes chromatin?

<p>A complex of DNA and proteins that condenses to form chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of telomeres shortening with each cell division?

<p>Loss of genetic information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mutation

A change in the genetic material of a cell, often caused by environmental factors, that can lead to uncontrolled cell division and the development of cancer.

Carcinogen

A substance or agent that can increase the risk of cancer.

Tumor

A mass of abnormal cells that can grow and invade nearby tissues. It can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign Tumor

A type of tumor that does not spread to other parts of the body and is generally considered non-cancerous.

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Malignant Tumor

A type of tumor that can spread to other parts of the body, forming new tumors and causing cancer.

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Mitosis

The process of nuclear division where a parent cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

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Prophase

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers form.

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Metaphase

Chromosomes align at the center of the cell, and spindle fibers attach to their centromeres.

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Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate, and the spindle fibers pull them to opposite poles of the cell.

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Telophase

Chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane reforms, and spindle fibers disappear.

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Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

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Meristems

Regions in plants where cell division takes place.

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Observing Mitosis

A method used to observe mitosis where root tips of plants are stained to see dividing cells.

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Stem Cell

A cell that can divide (by mitosis) an unlimited number of times and has the potential to differentiate into different cell types.

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Potency

The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into different cell types. This ability is classified by potency levels.

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Totipotent

A type of stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type found in an embryo and extra-embryonic cells (cells making up the placenta).

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Pluripotent

A type of stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type found in an embryo, but not into extra-embryonic cells.

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Multipotent

A type of stem cell found in adult tissues that can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types.

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Differentiation

The process of a stem cell becoming a specialized cell with a specific function.

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Tumor Formation

Changes in the genes that control cell division can lead to the uncontrolled growth and division of cells, resulting in a tumor.

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Cancer

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division, which can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

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What is a chromosome?

A thread-like structure of DNA carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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What are histones?

Large positively charged globular proteins that help organize and condense DNA into a compact structure. This helps ensure DNA fits within the nucleus.

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What is chromatin?

The combination of tightly coiled DNA and associated proteins, such as histones.

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What are sister chromatids?

Two genetically identical copies of a chromosome that are connected by a centromere.

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What are telomeres?

The non-coding DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes. Their main function is to protect the ends of DNA molecules during replication.

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What is telomerase?

An enzyme that adds additional bases to the ends of chromosomes (telomeres) during DNA replication to prevent the loss of genetic information.

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What is the cell cycle?

The regulated sequence of events that occur between one cell division and the next.

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What are cyclins?

Chemical messengers that regulate the progression of the cell cycle through various phases.

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Study Notes

Replication and Division of Nuclei and Cells

  • Chromosomes are thread-like structures of DNA containing genes.
  • DNA molecules form part of a chromosome.
  • Chromosomes are made of a long DNA molecule associated with proteins, especially histones, which compact the DNA.
  • Chromatin is the tightly coiled combination of DNA and proteins.
  • Chromatids are part of chromosomes.
  • Chromosomes have a centromere.
  • Telomeres are sequences of repeated nucleotide bases at the ends of chromosomes.
  • Telomeres protect the ends of DNA to prevent loss during replication.
  • Telomerase is an enzyme that adds bases to the ends of chromosomes.
  • Telomeres' length determines the lifespan of cells.

The Cell Cycle

  • The cell cycle is a regulated sequence of events between cell divisions.
  • Cell cycle length is affected by environmental conditions.
  • Cell cycle progression is determined by chemical signals called cyclins.
  • Interphase consists of three phases: G1, S, and G2.
  • G1: Cell growth and protein synthesis.
  • S: DNA replication, resulting in sister chromatids.
  • G2: Further growth, organelles division, and increased centriole quantities.

Nuclear Division (Mitosis)

  • Mitosis is a type of nuclear division producing two genetically identical daughter nuclei.
  • Cell growth halts during mitosis.
  • Mitosis phases:
    • Prophase: Chromatin condenses, spindle fibers form, nuclear membrane breaks down.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids split at centromeres, and are pulled to opposite poles.
    • Telophase: Chromosomes de-condense, nuclear membrane reforms, nucleoli reappear.
  • Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells.

Importance of Mitosis

  • Crucial for growth in multicellular organisms.
  • Replaces damaged cells, repairing tissues.
  • Asexual reproduction.

Observing Mitosis

  • Plant growth occurs in regions called meristems, notably the root tip meristem.
  • Observing mitosis in plants, the root tip meristem contains the dividing cells.
  • A method of observation involves staining the root tip with a stain like orcein to highlight chromosomes' appearance.

Role of Stem Cells

  • Stem cells are cells capable of continuous division and differentiating into specialized cells.
  • Potency: the capacity of a stem cell to develop into different cell types.
  • Types of potency:
    • Totipotent: all cell types in an embryo and extra-embryonic tissues.
    • Pluripotent: all cell types in an embryo.
    • Multipotent: a limited array of tissues.
  • Adult stem cells are multipotent, creating tissues. Cells lose ability to divide eventually.

Formation of Tumors

  • Cancer is from uncontrollable cell division caused by mutations in genes that control cell division.
  • Mutations occur either kill the cell, or the body's immune system rejects it.
  • Carcinogens are agents that can induce cancer.
  • Cancer cells divide uncontrollably, forming a tumour, which can invade other tissue.
  • Metastasis: Cancerous cells spreading in the body through the circulatory system.

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The Mitotic Cell Cycle PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on cancer biology, tumor types, and the stages of mitosis. This quiz covers key concepts such as gene changes, tumor characteristics, and the role of mitosis in cell division and growth. Perfect for students studying biology at various levels.

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