Cancer and Cell Cycle Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in preparing a microscope slide?

  • Pipette a small drop of water onto the slide (correct)
  • Add the cover slip over the specimen
  • Place the specimen on the slide
  • Add a drop of stain

    • Why is it important for the specimen to be thin when preparing a microscope slide?

  • To allow light to pass through for clear viewing (correct)
  • To prevent the specimen from drying out
  • To avoid the use of a cover slip
  • To enhance the color of the specimen

    • Which stain is used to view cytoplasm in a microscope slide?

  • Eosin (correct)
  • Methanol
  • Alcohol
  • Iodine

    • What can be considered an artifact in microscope imaging?

    <p>Dust and air bubbles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you avoid to prevent obstructing the view when placing the cover slip?

    <p>Trapping air bubbles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sister chromatids joined by during mitosis?

    <p>Centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of mitosis involves chromosomes lining up along the middle of the cell?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during anaphase?

    <p>Chromatids are pulled to opposite poles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the chromatids in telophase?

    <p>They uncoil and lengthen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the completion of mitosis?

    <p>Two genetically identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of homogenization in cell fractionation?

    <p>To break open cell membranes and release organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is necessary for the homogenization process to prevent organelle damage?

    <p>The solution must be isotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of filtration in the cell fractionation procedure?

    <p>To separate large cell debris from smaller organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During ultracentrifugation, at which stage do the heaviest organelles sediment to the bottom?

    <p>After the first low-speed spin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelles would be expected to sediment first during the ultracentrifugation process?

    <p>Nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the viral replication process?

    <p>Virus attaches to host cell receptor proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of viral attachment proteins?

    <p>To enable the virus to attach to specific host cell receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the host cell is used to replicate the viral genetic material?

    <p>Host cell machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do viral components play after replication within the host cell?

    <p>They assemble into new virus particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released from the host cell at the end of viral replication?

    <p>Replicated viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does magnification measure in microscopy?

    <p>How much bigger the image is than the specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is magnification calculated?

    <p>By dividing the size of the image by the size of the specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resulting size of an image if a specimen measures 0.1 mm and the magnification is ×20?

    <p>2 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a magnified image is 5 mm and the magnification is ×50, what is the size of the real object?

    <p>0.1 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When converting between units, how do you convert from micrometers to millimeters?

    <p>Divide by 1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the uncontrolled growth of cancer cells?

    <p>Mutations in genes that control cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of binary fission in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>The circular DNA and plasmids replicate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cancer treatments that disrupt the cell cycle?

    <p>To control the rate of cell division in tumour cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Methotrexate is known to block which process in the cell cycle?

    <p>Synthesis of nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a virus is responsible for allowing it to attach to host cells?

    <p>Attachment proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about plasmids during the binary fission process?

    <p>Plasmids may replicate multiple times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do cancer treatments have on normal body cells?

    <p>They may also kill normal cells that are dividing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature distinguishes viruses from prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Viruses lack cellular structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cytoplasm during binary fission?

    <p>The cytoplasm fully divides to create two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when severe DNA damage is detected in a cell?

    <p>The cell kills itself to prevent growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the cell cycle is primarily targeted by vincristine?

    <p>M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tumour in the context of cancer?

    <p>A mass of cells growing uncontrollably</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary component of the prokaryotic cell wall?

    <p>Murein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Lack of membrane-bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is responsible for the mobility of some prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of prokaryotic DNA?

    <p>Circular and coiled, floating in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do plasmids play in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Carry genes such as those for antibiotic resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What begins the cell cycle?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of mitosis?

    <p>To make two genetically identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of interphase does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during interphase to prepare for cell division?

    <p>Organelles and extra ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages is NOT part of mitosis?

    <p>S Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the G₁ phase of interphase primarily focus on?

    <p>Maintaining cell health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many stages are there in the process of mitosis?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Replacement of damaged tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum resolution of optical microscopes?

    <p>0.2 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is unique to electron microscopes compared to optical microscopes?

    <p>Higher maximum magnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disadvantage does the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) present?

    <p>Requires vacuum for specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of images do scanning electron microscopes produce?

    <p>3D images of surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum magnification achieved by optical microscopes?

    <p>×1500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs)?

    <p>They provide lower resolution than TEMs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an advantage of using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?

    <p>Produces high resolution images</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscopy technique is best for observing the surface of a specimen?

    <p>Scanning Electron Microscopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cancer

    • Cancer occurs when mutations in genes controlling cell division lead to uncontrolled cell growth, forming a tumor.
    • Tumors invade surrounding tissue, making them cancerous.
    • Cancer treatments disrupt the cell cycle, killing tumor cells by targeting specific stages.
    • Examples of cell cycle targets include G₁ (cell growth and protein production) and S phase (DNA replication).

    Cell Cycle

    • The cell cycle is a continuous process of cell growth and division.
    • It consists of interphase (cell growth) and mitosis (cell division).
    • Interphase is further divided into G₁, S, and G₂ phases.
    • G₁ is for cell growth and protein production, S is for DNA replication, and G₂ prepares the cell for division.

    Mitosis

    • Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell.
    • Stages of mitosis:
      • Prophase: chromosomes condense, centrioles move to opposite ends, spindle fibers form, nuclear envelope breaks down.
      • Metaphase: chromosomes align at the middle, attaching to spindle fibers via centromeres.
      • Anaphase: centromeres divide, separating sister chromatids, spindle fibers contract, pulling chromatids to opposite poles.
      • Telophase: chromatids reach poles, uncoil, lengthen, become chromosomes again, nuclear envelope forms around each group, cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells.

    Cell Fractionation

    • Cell fractionation isolates organelles from a cell.
    • Steps:
      • Homogenization: breaks open cell membranes using a blender or vibration, releasing organelles.
      • Filtration: removes large cell debris using a gauze.
      • Ultracentrifugation: separates organelles by density using a centrifuge, starting with the heaviest organelles and increasing speed to isolate lighter ones.

    Microscopes

    • Optical microscopes use light to view specimens, with a maximum resolution of 0.2 µm and magnification of ×1500.
    • Electron microscopes use electrons for higher resolution and magnification, enabling detailed views of smaller structures.
    • TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) uses a beam of electrons through the specimen, good for internal structures but requires thin specimens and a vacuum.
    • SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) scans a beam of electrons across the specimen's surface, providing 3D images but with lower resolution than TEM.

    Magnification and Resolution

    • Magnification refers to the size of an image compared to the real object.
    • Resolution determines the clarity and detail of the image.
    • Magnification calculation: Magnification = size of image / size of real object.
    • Conversions: 1 millimeter (mm) = 1000 micrometers (µm), 1 µm = 1000 nanometers (nm).

    Viral Replication

    • Viruses inject their DNA or RNA into a host cell, using the host's machinery to replicate.
    • Viruses have attachment proteins that bind to complementary receptor proteins on the host cell surface.

    Prokaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms, simpler than eukaryotic cells, lacking membrane-bound organelles.
    • Structures: cell-surface membrane, cell wall (made of murein), cytoplasm (containing ribosomes), DNA (circular, free-floating), plasmids (small loops of DNA), flagellum (for movement), and capsule (for protection).
    • Size: prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells.

    Prokaryotic Cell Replication

    • Prokaryotic cells reproduce by binary fission.
    • Steps:
      • DNA replicates, plasmids replicate multiple times.
      • Cell grows, DNA moves to opposite ends.
      • Cytoplasm divides, new cell walls form.
      • Two daughter cells are produced, each with a copy of DNA.

    Viruses

    • Non-living entities, composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid).
    • Reproduce by invading and replicating within host cells.
    • Lack cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
    • Smaller than bacteria.
    • Key components: core (genetic material), capsid (protein coat), attachment proteins.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the relationship between cancer and the cell cycle. It delves into how mutations lead to uncontrolled growth and the stages of the cell cycle, including interphase and mitosis. Understand the mechanisms behind cancer treatments aimed at disrupting these processes.

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