Cancer 3-4: Carcinogenic Agents
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Cancer 3-4: Carcinogenic Agents

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Questions and Answers

What type of radiation has a short wavelength?

  • Ultraviolet waves
  • Gamma waves (correct)
  • Beta particles
  • Alpha particles

    • What is the unit of measurement for biological damage caused by radiation?

  • Sieverts (correct)
  • Linear Energy Transfer
  • Electromagnetic Waves
  • Gamma Rays

    • What type of radiation produces more double-strand breaks leading to translocations and deletions?

  • Ionising radiation
  • Low LET radiation
  • High LET radiation (correct)
  • Ultraviolet radiation

    • What is the term for the rate at which a radiation source releases energy?

    <p>Linear Energy Transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of an alpha particle?

    <p>2 protons + 2 neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the issue with radiation, in terms of DNA damage?

    <p>How much damage is done to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which Rous Sarcoma virus causes oncogenicity?

    <p>By encoding a viral oncogene that is a mutant form of a normal gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the HPV E6 protein binding to the p53 protein?

    <p>Reduced control of cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

    <p>Epstein Barr Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which Helicobacter pylori causes carcinogenesis?

    <p>By producing chronic stomach infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the HTLV tax protein?

    <p>Reduced control of cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mistakes in DNA repair during the immune response to Hepatitis B Virus?

    <p>Oncogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tumour suppressor proteins in the body?

    <p>To control cell numbers and ensure fidelity of DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the loss of one allele and the subsequent inactivation of the other wild-type allele?

    <p>Loss of Heterozygosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the oxidative respiration and lipid peroxidation in the cell?

    <p>DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of DNA damage in a cell per day?

    <p>10^4-10^6 bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of ionising radiation on DNA?

    <p>It causes oxidation of DNA leading to mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resulting mutation when 8-oxo-guanine is incorrectly paired with adenine during DNA synthesis?

    <p>G → T transversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonest type of UV-induced mutation in skin cancer?

    <p>G → T transversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of failure in DNA repair after exposure to high levels of UV radiation?

    <p>Cells become cancerous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of chemical carcinogens?

    <p>Covalent binding to DNA bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytochrome P450 enzymes in chemical carcinogenesis?

    <p>Metabolism of chemical carcinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary carcinogenic compound in cigarette smoke?

    <p>Benzo[a]pyrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of alkylation of the O6 position of guanine?

    <p>G → T transversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of DNA tumour viruses?

    <p>Integration into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of virus that causes Burkitt’s lymphoma?

    <p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the retinoblastoma protein at the G1 checkpoint?

    <p>To regulate the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation is often seen in inherited retinoblastoma, leading to the duplication of identical mutations?

    <p>Mitotic exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein?

    <p>Release of E2F transcription factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age of onset for retinoblastoma tumors in individuals with germline mutations?

    <p>Early childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cyclin D/Cdk4 complex in the cell cycle?

    <p>To promote the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for genes that, when mutated, predispose individuals to cancer?

    <p>Tumor suppressor genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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