32 Questions
What type of radiation has a short wavelength?
Gamma waves
What is the unit of measurement for biological damage caused by radiation?
Sieverts
What type of radiation produces more double-strand breaks leading to translocations and deletions?
High LET radiation
What is the term for the rate at which a radiation source releases energy?
Linear Energy Transfer
What is the composition of an alpha particle?
2 protons + 2 neutrons
What is the issue with radiation, in terms of DNA damage?
How much damage is done to DNA
What is the mechanism by which Rous Sarcoma virus causes oncogenicity?
By encoding a viral oncogene that is a mutant form of a normal gene
What is the result of the HPV E6 protein binding to the p53 protein?
Reduced control of cell proliferation
Which virus is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
Epstein Barr Virus
What is the mechanism by which Helicobacter pylori causes carcinogenesis?
By producing chronic stomach infections
What is the result of the HTLV tax protein?
Reduced control of cell proliferation
What is the result of mistakes in DNA repair during the immune response to Hepatitis B Virus?
Oncogenesis
What is the role of tumour suppressor proteins in the body?
To control cell numbers and ensure fidelity of DNA replication
What is the term for the loss of one allele and the subsequent inactivation of the other wild-type allele?
Loss of Heterozygosity
What is the result of the oxidative respiration and lipid peroxidation in the cell?
DNA damage
What is the frequency of DNA damage in a cell per day?
10^4-10^6 bases
What is the primary effect of ionising radiation on DNA?
It causes oxidation of DNA leading to mutations
What is the resulting mutation when 8-oxo-guanine is incorrectly paired with adenine during DNA synthesis?
G → T transversion
What is the commonest type of UV-induced mutation in skin cancer?
G → T transversion
What is the result of failure in DNA repair after exposure to high levels of UV radiation?
Cells become cancerous
What is the primary mechanism of action of chemical carcinogens?
Covalent binding to DNA bases
What is the function of cytochrome P450 enzymes in chemical carcinogenesis?
Metabolism of chemical carcinogens
What is the primary carcinogenic compound in cigarette smoke?
Benzo[a]pyrene
What is the result of alkylation of the O6 position of guanine?
G → T transversion
What is the primary mechanism of action of DNA tumour viruses?
Integration into the host genome
What is the type of virus that causes Burkitt’s lymphoma?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
What is the primary function of the retinoblastoma protein at the G1 checkpoint?
To regulate the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases
Which type of mutation is often seen in inherited retinoblastoma, leading to the duplication of identical mutations?
Mitotic exchange
What is the consequence of phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein?
Release of E2F transcription factor
What is the typical age of onset for retinoblastoma tumors in individuals with germline mutations?
Early childhood
What is the role of the cyclin D/Cdk4 complex in the cell cycle?
To promote the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase
What is the term for genes that, when mutated, predispose individuals to cancer?
Tumor suppressor genes
Identify the types of carcinogenic agents that cause cancer, including radiation, chemicals, and pathogens. Learn about the properties of electromagnetic radiation and its effects on the body.
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