Cancer 1 and 2: Characteristics and Progression
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of cancer cells that distinguishes them from normal cells?

  • Their ability to invade adjacent tissues
  • Their competition with normal tissues for oxygen and nutrients
  • Their ability to metastasize to other sites within the body
  • Their unregulated cell division and growth (correct)

What is the term for the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sites within the body?

  • Cell growth
  • Metastasis (correct)
  • Tumour formation
  • Invasion

What is the term for a mass of cancer cells that are derived from a single original cancer cell?

  • Cancer
  • Tumour (correct)
  • Metastasis
  • Leukaemia

What is the primary way in which cancer cells interfere with normal body processes?

<p>By competing with normal tissues for oxygen and nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are cancers considered genetic diseases?

<p>Because they are caused by genetic mutations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the exception to the rule that tumours are a mass of cancer cells?

<p>Leukaemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a mutation occurring in the promoter region of a gene?

<p>An alteration in the expression of the gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of cancers that may originate from chromothripsis events?

<p>2-3% of all cancers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of an insertion or deletion mutation in the coding region of a gene?

<p>A frameshift mutation leading to a truncated protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of error-prone DNA polymerase in gene mutation?

<p>Exacerbating the formation of adducts and base oxidation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a large number of genomic rearrangements occur in a single event?

<p>Chromothripsis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the genome that consists of genes?

<p>1.5% of the genome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism that controls cell numbers in the body?

<p>Programmed cell death and cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between benign and malignant tumours?

<p>Malignant tumours can migrate and invade. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of angiogenesis in cancer development?

<p>To supply tumours with oxygen and nutrients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of oncogenes in normal cells?

<p>To promote normal cell growth and differentiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) in the cell cycle?

<p>To regulate transition between cell cycle phases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of unlimited replicative potential in cancer cells?

<p>Cancer cells maintain telomere length. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene?

<p>Increased cell growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reprogramming of energy metabolism in cancer cells?

<p>A change in energy production to supply increased demand for fuel and biomolecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of death in cancer patients?

<p>Invasion and metastasis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the G0 phase in the cell cycle?

<p>Dormant or quiescent state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cyclin D/cdk4/6 complex in the cell cycle?

<p>To arrest the cell cycle at the G1 checkpoint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of cancer cases that are inherited?

<p>1-2%. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between normal and cancer cells in cell culture?

<p>Normal cells exhibit contact inhibition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of disruption of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

<p>Increased risk of mutation and carcinogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the effect of oncogenes on cell growth?

<p>Dominant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of DNA damage in normal cells?

<p>Mutations can be repaired or go unnoticed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of genome instability in cancer development?

<p>It promotes cancer formation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of p53 in the cell cycle?

<p>To inhibit cell growth and tumour formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of tumor suppressor genes?

<p>They inhibit cell growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between carcinogens and mutagens?

<p>All carcinogens are mutagens, but not all mutagens are carcinogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Retinoblastoma (Rb) gene in cell cycle regulation?

<p>It inhibits cell cycle progression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Ras proteins in signal transduction?

<p>They are inner membrane-bound signal transducers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation between UV exposure and cancer?

<p>UV exposure increases the risk of skin cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of unrepaired or incorrectly repaired DNA damage?

<p>DNA mutations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression?

<p>They activate or repress gene expression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of protein phosphatases in cell signaling?

<p>They remove phosphates from proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of mutations occurring in genes involved in DNA repair?

<p>Decreased DNA repair capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a mutagen?

<p>A substance that causes DNA mutations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of genomic instability in cancer cells?

<p>Accumulation of mutations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Cyclins and associated cyclin-dependent kinases in regulating Rb gene activity?

<p>They phosphorylate Rb gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Unregulated Cell Division

Cancer cells have the abnormal ability to divide and grow uncontrollably, unlike normal cells that follow regulated growth patterns.

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from their original location to other parts of the body.

Tumor

A mass of cancer cells that arise from a single original cell.

Resource Competition

Cancer cells compete with normal tissues for resources like oxygen and nutrients, leading to disruptions and damage.

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Genetic Basis of Cancer

Cancers are caused by genetic mutations that disrupt normal cell growth and behavior.

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Leukaemia - the Exception

Leukaemia is a type of cancer affecting blood-forming tissues, which doesn't form a solid tumor.

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Promoter Region Mutation

A mutation in the promoter region of a gene can alter how much of that gene is expressed, leading to changes in protein production.

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Chromothripsis

Chromothripsis is a catastrophic event where a large number of genomic rearrangements occur simultaneously in a single cell.

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Genome: Genes vs. Non-Genes

Genes make up only a small portion (1.5%) of the entire human genome.

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Cell Number Regulation

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) and cell division (mitosis) work together to keep cell numbers in the body stable.

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Benign vs. Malignant

Benign tumors are confined to their original location and do not spread, while malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize.

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Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels, which provides tumors with the oxygen and nutrients they need to grow.

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Oncogenes

Oncogenes are genes that normally promote cell growth and differentiation, but when mutated, can become cancerous.

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Cyclin-dependent Kinases (cdks)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) are enzymes that regulate the transition between different phases of the cell cycle.

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Unlimited Replicative Potential

Cancer cells can evade normal aging mechanisms and maintain their telomeres (protective caps on chromosomes), allowing them to divide indefinitely.

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Mutations in Tumor Suppressor Genes

Tumor suppressor genes normally stop cell growth in case of damage, but mutations in these genes can lead to unrestrained cell division.

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Reprogrammed Energy Metabolism

Reprogramming energy metabolism in cancer cells allows them to efficiently produce energy and biomolecules for their rapid growth.

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Invasion and Metastasis - Death Cause

The primary cause of death in cancer patients is the invasion and spread of cancer cells to vital organs, leading to organ dysfunction.

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G0 Phase

The G0 phase is a resting or quiescent state where cells are not actively dividing. Many normal cells remain in G0.

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Cyclin D/cdk4/6 Complex

The cyclin D/cdk4/6 complex plays a crucial role in the G1 checkpoint, ensuring the cell is ready for DNA replication and division.

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Inherited Cancer

Only a small percentage (1-2%) of cancer cases are directly inherited from parents. Most cancers are caused by environmental factors or sporadic mutations.

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Contact Inhibition

Normal cells exhibit 'contact inhibition', where they stop dividing when they touch each other. Cancer cells lose this ability and continue to grow.

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Cell Cycle Checkpoints - Disruption

Disruption of checkpoints in the cell cycle allows damaged or mutated cells to progress without repair, increasing the risk of cancer development.

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Oncogenes - Dominance

Oncogenes are dominant, meaning they only need one copy of the mutated gene to cause cell growth.

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DNA Damage and Repair

Normal cells have DNA repair mechanisms to fix most DNA damage. Unrepaired or incorrectly repaired damage can lead to mutations, including cancer-causing mutations.

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Genomic Instability

Genome instability refers to an increase in the rate of mutations and chromosome rearrangements, which contributes to cancer formation.

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P53 - Tumor Suppressor

P53 is a tumor suppressor gene that monitors DNA damage and either repairs it or triggers apoptosis (programmed cell death) to prevent cancer formation.

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Tumor Suppressor Genes

Tumor suppressor genes normally inhibit cell growth, ensuring controlled cell division.

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Carcinogens and Mutagens

Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer, and all carcinogens are mutagens (cause DNA mutations), but not all mutagens are carcinogens.

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Retinoblastoma (Rb) Gene

The Retinoblastoma (Rb) gene is a crucial tumor suppressor that prevents cell cycle progression, especially at the G1 checkpoint.

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Ras Proteins

Ras proteins are involved in signal transduction, relaying messages from outside the cell to initiate growth and other cellular processes.

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UV Exposure and Cancer

UV exposure can damage DNA, leading to mutations. This damage is a major risk factor for skin cancer.

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Unrepaired DNA Damage

Unrepaired or incorrectly repaired DNA damage can lead to DNA mutations, which may contribute to cancer development.

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Transcription Factors

Transcription factors regulate gene expression by activating or repressing the transcription of specific genes.

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Protein Phosphatases

Protein phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins, which can switch off signaling pathways.

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Mutations in DNA Repair Genes

Mutations in genes involved in DNA repair can reduce the cell's ability to fix DNA damage, increasing the risk of mutations and cancer.

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Mutagen

A mutagen is a substance that can cause DNA mutations, which can lead to cancer or other genetic disorders.

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Genomic Instability - Accumulation of Mutations

Genomic instability in cancer cells leads to an accumulation of mutations, contributing to their uncontrolled growth and other malignant characteristics.

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Cyclins and Cdks - Rb Regulation

Cyclins and associated cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) regulate the activity of the Rb gene, which is a key regulator of cell cycle progression.

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