161 Questions
Which one of these is NOT a context of development?
Socioeconomic status
Which one of these is NOT a characteristic of normative influences?
Culture
Who is considered the Father of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Which of the following factors during pregnancy can lead to low birth weight in babies?
Low levels of folic acid intake
What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid before and during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects?
5 milligrams
Which of the following substances can cause fetal alcohol syndrome when consumed heavily during pregnancy?
Alcohol
Which of the following reflexes is related to instinctive needs for survival and protection?
Primitive reflexes
Which stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and deal with hypothetical situations?
Formal Operational Stage
What is the term for the union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote?
Fertilization
What is the term for twins that result from the division of one zygote and have identical genes?
Monozygotic twins
What is the term for the chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Which stage of prenatal development is characterized by the rapid development of organs and major body systems?
Embryonic Stage
What is the normal range of gestation in weeks?
38-42 weeks
Which chromosome abnormality is associated with females who have normal appearance, menstrual irregularities, learning disorders, and mental retardation?
XXX (triple X)
What is the function of the placenta during prenatal development?
Allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo
Which one of these is NOT a stage in Erik Erickson's psychosocial development theory?
Identity vs. Identity Confusion
During which stage of psychosexual development does the child become attached to the parent of the opposite sex and later identify with the same-sex parent?
Phallic Phase
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Anal Compulsive personality?
Expressive
Which of the following is NOT a cognitive stage in Jean Piaget's theory of development?
Sensorimotor Stage
Which of the following is an example of canalization?
A child walking earlier because they were trained to walk
Which of the following is an example of genotype-environment interaction?
People with a certain genotype more likely to develop antisocial personality after maltreatment
Which of the following is an example of passive correlation?
A child loving music because their music-loving parent regularly plays music at home
Which of the following is an example of nonshared environmental experience?
Siblings developing different personalities despite living in the same house
Which substage of the sensorimotor stage is characterized by infants repeating pleasurable behaviors that first occur by chance?
Primary circular reactions
What is the term for the inability to remember events before 2 years old?
Infantile amnesia
Which approach focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving in child development?
Information Processing Approach
What is the term for the understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight?
Object permanence
Which reflex is characterized by the baby extending its legs, arms, and fingers, arching its back, and drawing back its head when dropped or hearing a loud noise?
Moro reflex
Which reflex is characterized by the baby turning its head to one side, assuming a fencer position, and extending the arm and leg on the preferred side while flexing the opposite limbs when laid down on its back?
Tonic neck reflex
Which reflex is characterized by the baby turning its head and opening its mouth in a sucking movement when its cheek or lower lip is stroked with a finger or nipple?
Rooting reflex
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Concrete Operational stage of Piagetian cognitive development?
Understanding the relationship of the whole and its parts
Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence?
Intrapersonal
Which of the following is NOT one of the three aspects of intelligence in Sternberg's Triarchic Theory?
Analytic element
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of gender identity?
Biological perspective
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of learning disabilities?
Disorders that only affect intelligence
According to Kohlberg's Cognitive-Development Theory, what is gender consistency?
Awareness that one will always be male or female
Which theory proposes that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture?
Gender Schema Theory
What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid for older children?
2400 calories
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secure attachment?
Infant shows distress when caregiver returns
Which of the following is an example of prelinguistic speech?
Imitating sounds without understanding
Which of the following is NOT a pattern of crying in infants?
Frustration cry
Which of the following is NOT a temperament type?
Challenging children
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Conservation
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of self-concept?
Social self
Which of the following is NOT a component of psychosocial development according to Erikson's theory?
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Erikson's psychosocial development theory?
Integrity vs. Despair
Which of the following is NOT a method used in gifted education programs to enhance the knowledge and skills of gifted children?
Extra activities
According to Erikson, what is the major determinant of self-esteem in children?
Capacity for productive work
Which of the following is NOT a positive effect of peer groups on children?
Prejudice
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which stage involves the question 'Who am I?'
Identity achievement
What is the term for the degree to which people see themselves as masculine or feminine?
Gender identity
What is the term for the identification with a particular ethnicity through values, language, clothing, etc.?
Ethnic identity
What is the term for the ongoing awareness of what a teen is doing, where, and with whom, which deters delinquency?
Parental monitoring
Which of the following is NOT a secondary sex characteristic?
First ejaculation of semen
Which of the following is NOT a disorder during adolescence?
Spermarche
Which of the following is NOT a stage of cognitive development according to Piaget's approach?
Structural changes
Which of the following is NOT a level of morality according to Kohlberg's theory?
Universal ethics principle
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Selman's Stages of Friendship?
Two-way Fair weather cooperation
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Oppositional Defiant Disorder?
Aggressive, antisocial behavior
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of School Phobia?
Fear of separation from home or attachment figures
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing suicide among adolescents, according to the text?
Lack of parental supervision
Which of the following is NOT a warning sign of mood disorders in adolescence, according to the text?
Thinking about suicide is common among adolescents
Which of the following is NOT a possible root of life-course persistent offenders, according to the text?
Early sex and drug use
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of externalizing problems in adolescence, according to the text?
Emotional problems that are manifested inward
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Post Formal Thought?
Relies solely on logic
Which of the following is NOT a criterion of Post Formal Thought?
Logical reasoning
Which of the following is NOT a theoretical model of psychosocial development in young adulthood?
Trait model
According to Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, which element involves emotional connection, self-disclosure, warmth, and trust?
Intimacy
Which type of love is characterized by a strong physical attraction and sexual arousal?
Infatuation
Which type of love is found in long-term relationships where both partners have lost passion and intimacy?
Empty love
Which type of love is considered complete love, where partners are physically and emotionally drawn to each other and are committed to each other?
Consummate love
Which of the following health conditions may affect sexual functioning in late life?
All of the above
Which type of memory shows greater age-related declines in late adulthood?
Episodic memory
What is the term for remembering things we need to do in the future?
Prospective memory
Which component of working memory is most negatively affected by age?
Central executive
Which of the following is NOT a primary mental ability according to the Seattle Longitudinal Study?
Inductive reasoning
Which type of intelligence proposed by Horn and Cattell is relatively independent of educational and cultural influences?
Fluid intelligence
Which of the following is NOT a form of crystallized intelligence?
Creativity
Which field tends to peak in creative performance at a later age compared to poets, mathematicians, and theoretical physicists?
Philosophers
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoarthritis in late adulthood?
Genetics
Which of the following is the most common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Exposure to tobacco smoke
Which of the following is a health concern related to shingles in late adulthood?
Pain, burning, rash, blisters
What is the effect of aging on brain functioning in later life?
Loss of white matter connections
Which of the following is NOT a cognitive change in late adulthood?
Use of more effective strategies to solve social and emotional problems
What is the most common type of neurocognitive disorder?
Alzheimer's disease
What are the neurological causes of Alzheimer's disease?
Both A and B
What is the term for the ability to use accumulated practical knowledge for good judgment and decision making?
Wisdom
Which age category in late adulthood includes individuals who are 100 years old or older?
Centenarians
Which theory of aging suggests that DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and free radicals contribute to the aging process?
Damage/error theories
Which physical change occurs in late adulthood, leading to a loss of muscle tissue, weakness, mobility issues, and frailty?
Sarcopenia
Which sensory change occurs in late adulthood, leading to vision deterioration, hearing loss, decreased taste and smell sensitivity, and reduced touch sensations?
Sensory decline
What is the term for the adjustment of self-concept to fit new experience?
Identity accommodation
According to a survey, at what stage of marriage are couples more satisfied than during the first 4 years?
35 to 44 years
What is the term for the tendency of young adults who have left home to return to their parents' household in times of financial or marital trouble?
Boomerang phenomenon
What is the term for the average number of years that members of a population live?
Life expectancy
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects adjustment to widowhood in late adulthood?
Age at the time of widowhood
What percentage of men and women, respectively, were interested in dating 18 months after the death of a spouse?
37% and 15%
What percentage of single/dating adults 50+ used a condom the last time they had sex?
25%
What percentage of adults 50+ have never been tested for HIV?
40%
According to Kübler-Ross' stages of death, which stage involves feelings of disbelief, distressful memories, and a yearning for the deceased?
Depression
Which of the following is NOT a typical grief reaction?
Feelings of relief
What is the term for grief that is not socially recognized?
Disenfranchised grief
Which type of euthanasia involves intentionally causing death through a lethal dose of medication?
Physician-assisted suicide
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for elder abuse?
Being female
Which substance is NOT commonly used in late-life substance abuse?
Marijuana
What is the primary cause of death in high-income countries?
Cardiovascular disease
How do infants and young children typically react to separation caused by death?
They may lose weight and sleep less
Adolescent egocentrism is defined as the inability to draw the line between the actual idea that other people have of them and their interpretation of others' perception of them. Who coined this term?
David Elkind
What are the two attributes of adolescent egocentrism?
Need for an imaginary audience and personal fable
What is the purpose of the personal fable in adolescent development?
To build self-esteem and confidence
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the imaginary audience phenomenon?
Fear of mixing up names
Which of the following is NOT a reason for Robert's belief in his invincibility?
Dependence on the teacher's opinion
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of attention-getting behavior?
Carelessness in behavior
Which of the following is NOT a stage that has to be passed successfully in growing up?
Fear of negative feedback
According to Robert Havighurst, a developmental task is one that arises predictably and consistently at or about a certain period in the life of the individual. These tasks can be learned at home or in other settings, but Havighurst believed that educators should consider all developmental tasks of children and adolescents due to their interrelated nature. Which of the following best describes a developmental task?
A task that arises predictably and consistently at a certain period in life
According to the text, which of the following statements about Robert Havighurst is true?
He proposed that individuals progress through a series of developmental stages
According to the text, what is the purpose of considering all developmental tasks of children and adolescents?
To understand the interrelated nature of developmental tasks
Which of the following is NOT a developmental task of young adulthood according to Havighurst's model?
Managing the family and one's home
According to Havighurst's model, what are the three sources of developmental tasks?
Biological, psychological, and sociological
Which of the following is NOT a source of developmental tasks according to Havighurst's model?
Genetic predisposition
Which of the following is NOT a typical developmental task of middle adulthood according to Havighurst's model?
Establishing friendships outside of marriage
According to Havighurst, a developmental task is a task which an individual has to and wants to solve in a particular life-period. What is the relationship between a developmental task and an individual need and a social demand?
A developmental task is a combination of an individual need and a social demand.
According to Havighurst, there are sensitive periods called teachable moments, when an individual is mature enough to learn the developmental tasks. What types of tasks can be considered as developmental tasks?
Physical, cognitive, and social tasks.
According to Havighurst, personal characteristics play a role in the successful completion of developmental tasks. What are these personal characteristics?
All of the above.
According to Havighurst, human development in modern societies is characterized by a long series of tasks. Where are these tasks located?
In childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
Which of the following is a major task relating to family life during middle age?
All of the above
During midlife, people reach the peak of their control over the environment around them and their personal development. What is another characteristic of midlife?
Increased social responsibilities
What is the age at which the period of old age begins?
60
What is a true statement about old age?
Old age is a period of increased activity and social participation
Which of the following is NOT a developmental task during middle age according to the text?
Taking on civic responsibility
According to the text, what is a major problem that men and women must meet and adjust to satisfaction during middle age?
Adjusting to the physiological changes of middle age
According to the text, what are the tasks relating to physical changes during middle age?
Tasks relating to physical changes
According to the text, what are the tasks relating to changed interests during middle age?
Tasks relating to changed interests
Which of the following is NOT a developmental task of middle age relating to family life?
Establishing an explicit affiliation with one's age group
What are the effects of retirement on a person of old age period?
Increased loneliness and adjustment to a smaller place
Which developmental task is considered the most difficult during early adulthood and why?
Meeting social and civic obligations
What are the principal values that older people look for in housing?
All of the above
Which of the following is a common physical change that occurs in old age?
Progressive decline in energy production
Which of the following is a common challenge faced by retired individuals?
Adjusting to retirement and reduced income
Which of the following is a fear commonly experienced by elderly individuals?
Dying in pain or dying alone
Which of the following factors can influence the personal attitude toward retirement?
All of the above
Which attachment style is characterized by a child seeking support, protection, and comfort from their attachment figure in times of distress?
Secure
What is the name of the test designed by Mary Ainsworth to observe attachment security in children?
Strange Situation
Which attachment style is characterized by a child showing inconsistent behavior and a lack of clear attachment strategies?
Disorganized
Which of the following is NOT a type of adult attachment style?
Secure
What is the term for the attachment style observed in the strange situation where children are clingy to their mother and show signs of anger towards her?
Anxious attachment
According to John Bowlby, what is the relationship between early attachment styles and later relationships?
Early attachment styles have an indirect impact on later relationships
What are the two dimensions of adult attachment styles according to Collins and Allard?
Positive self-image and negative image of others
Which attachment style was found to have a negative impact on relationship satisfaction?
Avoidant
According to the study, which attachment style was associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Anxious
What percentage of UK adults surveyed in the study had higher levels of depression and anxiety due to their attachment style?
17-18%
Which attachment style was associated with higher levels of loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Fearful-avoidant
Which attachment style is characterized by a negative model of self and others, fearing both intimacy and autonomy?
Fearful-avoidant attachment
What is a common behavior exhibited by a fearful-avoidant child during a reunion with their caregiver?
They run away from their caregiver
Which attachment style is characterized by obsession, desire for reciprocation and union, emotional highs and lows, and extreme sexual attraction and jealousy?
Preoccupied attachment
What is a common behavior exhibited by a fearful-avoidant individual in a romantic relationship?
They prefer casual relationships and fear getting closer to someone
Which of the following is NOT a finding from the study conducted by Main, Kaplan, and Cassidy (1985)?
The temperament hypothesis explains the continuity in relationships
Which of the following is NOT a finding from Hazan and Shaver’s love quiz experiment?
Securely attached people tend to have happy, lasting relationships
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with a secure attachment style?
Being self-reliant
Which of the following is NOT a factor that impacts one's relationship satisfaction according to Brennan and Shaver (1995)?
Being self-reliant
Study Notes
Physical and Sensory Changes in Late Adulthood
- Lifespan for humans is generally 120-125 years, but today's children may have shorter lives than their parents.
- Women tend to have better genetic/developmental stability, immune functioning, and lower rates of mental illness compared to men.
- Age categories in late adulthood include young-old (65-84), oldest-old (85-99), and centenarians (100+).
- Programmed theories of aging suggest that genes, cellular clocks, and hormonal stress play a role in the aging process.
- Telomeres, which are sequences of DNA at the ends of chromosomes, shorten as cells reproduce, leading to cell death or abnormalities.
- The immunological theory suggests that with age, the body's innate and adaptive immune systems lose their effectiveness.
- The hormonal stress theory suggests that the hypothalamus doesn't regulate hormones well, leading to metabolic problems.
- Damage/error theories propose that DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and free radicals contribute to aging.
- Physical changes in late adulthood include thickening of heart muscles, decreased lung capacity, and loss of kidney and bladder function.
- Body shape and composition change with age, with a loss of lean tissue, increased body fat, and decreased bone density.
- Skin becomes thinner, less elastic, and more prone to age spots and wrinkles, while hair follicles produce fewer new hairs and gray.
- Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle tissue, occurs as a natural part of aging and can lead to weakness, mobility issues, and frailty.
- Sensory changes in late adulthood include vision deterioration, hearing loss, decreased taste and smell sensitivity, and reduced touch sensations.
Test your knowledge on Canalization and Genotype-Environment Interaction with this quiz! Learn about how certain behaviors develop in genetically predetermined ways, but can be influenced by extreme changes in the environment. Explore how factors like training and encouragement can impact a child's development of skills like walking and communication.
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