Canadian Nationalism 1896-1945

The Catholic Church in Quebec feared that women's suffrage would threaten the traditional way of life. They may have also argued that women were not mentally capable of understanding politics or that they would be unduly influenced by their husbands.

Quebec faced the challenge of preserving its French identity and language in a Canada where English was becoming more dominant. This period also witnessed a growing sense of Canadian nationalism, which sometimes clashed with Quebec's unique cultural and linguistic aspirations.

The founding of the Bank of Canada in 1934 provided a central bank for the country and helped to stabilize the Canadian financial system. It helped to ensure that the country's currency was sound and that there was a stable supply of credit.

<p>The rise of Canadian nationalism often led to tensions as it sometimes overshadowed or marginalized Quebec's distinct cultural and linguistic identity. Quebec's desire for autonomy and self-determination sometimes clashed with the dominant national narrative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The &quot;Return to the Land&quot; program aimed to settle remote regions like Abitibi and Gaspesie. This program, supported by the Church, encouraged people to move away from urban centers and to engage in agriculture, which was seen as a way to alleviate poverty and unemployment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some alternative political parties were the Communist Party of Canada, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (socialist party), the National Social Christian Party (fascist), and Social Credit (populist) parties. These parties offered different visions for the future of Canada and challenged the dominance of the traditional political parties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The period witnessed large-scale immigration, primarily from Europe and the United States, which shifted the demographics of Canada. This influx of new populations could lead to pressures on Quebec to assimilate, potentially diluting its unique French cultural features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Federal and provincial governments implemented various measures during the Great Depression to address the economic crisis. These included public works projects to create jobs, direct relief programs to provide basic necessities to those who were struggling, and the Office du Crédit agricole, a government-sponsored loan agency. These measures aimed to provide temporary relief and support for Canadians during this time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Education and cultural institutions played a vital role in preserving and promoting French language and culture in Quebec. These institutions served as a bastion of French identity, fostering a sense of community and pride.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The period saw movements advocating for linguistic rights, cultural preservation, and greater autonomy for Quebec. These movements aimed to protect the province's unique identity and ensure its place within Canada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main ideologies were imperialism and French-Canadian nationalism. Imperialists wanted Canada to remain closely tied to the British Empire, while French-Canadian nationalists sought greater autonomy for Canada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laurier's election marked the beginning of a Liberal government in Quebec and a shift towards a more autonomous Canada. He pursued a policy of compromise, balancing Canadian autonomy with ties to the British Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imperialists advocated for maintaining strong ties to the British Empire, arguing that Canada should adopt English as its only official language, embrace Protestant religion, and actively support British military efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>French-Canadian nationalists believed that Canada should have greater autonomy from the British Empire. They argued for the preservation of French culture and language and opposed Canada's involvement in British military conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immigration policies reflected the anxieties surrounding language and culture. The arrival of immigrants, particularly from countries other than the British Isles, raised fears of assimilation and threats to English Canadian culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased immigration led to a decline in the demographic weight of Francophones outside of Quebec, raising concerns about the erosion of their cultural and linguistic rights, such as access to French education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canada's participation in the Boer War, albeit on a voluntary basis, demonstrated a shift towards greater Canadian independence. It showed Canada's ability to act on its own, separate from direct British control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The creation of these provinces significantly expanded Canada's territory and population. It opened up new opportunities for economic growth and settlement, particularly in the agricultural sector.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Canadian government, through the residential school system, sought to assimilate Indigenous populations, denying them their rights and cultural practices. This policy had a devastating impact on Indigenous communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary rationale for westward expansion was to increase economic growth and secure Canada's territorial integrity. The vast land offered opportunities for agricultural development and resource extraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second phase of industrialization in Canada was characterized by the rise of heavy industries, an increased reliance on skilled labor, and the emergence of new energy sources such as hydroelectricity, gas, and oil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The state adopted an economic liberal approach, characterized by limited intervention in the economy. However, it did provide grants and subsidies to attract foreign investors, promoting industrial development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main sources of foreign investment in Canada were from Britain and the United States, with the USA becoming the dominant investor, contributing to the development of infrastructure and factories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canada's main trade partners were the USA and the United Kingdom. Canada exported pulp and paper to the USA, reflecting the growing importance of resource-based industries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canada's involvement in World War I, alongside its ties to the British Empire, led to increased international recognition. Canada signed the Treaty of Versailles and gained a seat in the League of Nations as a separate nation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Statute of Westminster (1931) was a law passed by the British Parliament that granted Canada almost full legislative autonomy. It established Canada as a sovereign state with the power to legislate in its own interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The War Measures Act granted the federal government increased power to intervene in social and economic matters. This gave the government greater control over various aspects of Canadian life, including economic activity and provincial affairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The wartime production effort strengthened the Canadian economy. Factories produced military equipment, boosting industrial activity and creating jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Key public health initiatives included vaccinations, water chlorination, milk pasteurization, the 'Gouttes de lait' program, sewer and garbage collection systems, fire fighting services, public transportation, and creation of park systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The influx of workers seeking factory jobs during World War I contributed to increased urbanization. As a result, working-class neighborhoods often became overcrowded and unsanitary, leading to challenges for public health and infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Great Depression was triggered by the 1929 stock market crash, causing a sharp decline in stock values. It led to a drop in American demand for Canadian products, a decrease in manufacturing production, company bankruptcies, high unemployment, poverty, and widespread socio-economic hardship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Maynard Keynes advocated for state intervention in the economy to prevent and overcome economic slowdowns. This approach, known as Keynesian economics, differed from traditional economic liberalism, which emphasized limited government intervention in the market.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Great Depression led to the emergence of new political parties and ideologies, challenging existing political and economic structures. This reflected the growing awareness of the need for social and economic reforms to address the challenges posed by the era.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mass culture was characterized by the emergence of new media and entertainment forms that reached a wider audience, including radio, cinema, professional sports (e.g., Montreal Canadiens hockey), cabarets, dance music, and literature (e.g., &quot;Romans du Terroir&quot;).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women faced limited access to higher education, particularly Francophone women. In the labor market, women were often limited to low-paying jobs like factory work, domestic service, nursing, and teaching, with much lower pay than men. Despite progress in legal rights for married women, they still faced significant social and economic challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote the survival of the French language and culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They supported the creation of cooperatives to finance industrialization and improve agricultural production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canada declared war on Germany in September 1939, following Germany's invasion of Poland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve conditions for the working class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The War Measures Act gave the federal government more power during the war. It enabled things like rationing, censorship, and the conscription of soldiers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The programme resulted in legislation such as compulsory school attendance age (6-14), free public elementary school, and improvements in agriculture like mechanization and electrification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The war transformed Canadian factories to produce military supplies, and it also ended the Great Depression in Canada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Francophones held a prominent position in certain sectors of the economy in the early 20th century. Agriculture was a key sector, and they also had a strong presence in various businesses, including shoe production, food production, sawmills, and printing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Families needed everyone to work to survive, including children, and therefore children had fewer opportunities to attend school and receive education in French.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Men enlisted to fight in the war, women worked in factories, and Canadians also contributed through rationing and other forms of civilian participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conscription was a contentious issue in Canada during World War II. English Canadians supported it, while French Canadians were generally opposed to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Church supported the development of cooperatives and Catholic unions in agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Canadian government implemented a range of programs to provide financial aid and rehabilitation services to veterans, such as disability pensions, scholarships, and housing subsidies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanization, electrification of rural areas, and government subsidies to support the agricultural industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because children needed to work on farms, fewer individuals pursued education and training for religious vocations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clerico-nationalism is a form of nationalism that is deeply tied to religious values. In Canada, it was associated with the Catholic Church and its emphasis on traditional and conservative values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Catholic Church emphasized school attendance and education, particularly for children aged 12 and up. It also played a significant role in promoting technical training.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agriculture provided a means for self-sufficiency and reduced dependence on external economic forces, helping to promote economic independence within their communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clerico-nationalism emphasized traditional and conservative values, which were often linked to rural life and cultural preservation. It viewed these values as a way to protect French Canadian culture and language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>World War II saw the Catholic Church actively involved in the war effort, which strengthened its relationship with the government. This collaboration furthered the Church's influence on social and political issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers