Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the causes of the Winnipeg General Strike?
What was significant about the Last 100 Days of WWI from a Canadian perspective?
Who were the Famous 5 and why are they significant?
What was Kristallnacht, and why is it significant?
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What was Black Tuesday and why was it significant?
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What was the main method of battle during WWI?
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Who made the famous '5 cent piece speech' and what was its significance?
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What was the main outcome of the Marshall Plan?
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Study Notes
Alliances during WWI and WWII
- WWI Allies included France, Britain, Russia, Italy, and the USA later joined; Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.
- WWII Allies included the USA, USSR, UK, Canada, and China; Axis Powers consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Prime Ministers of Canada
- WWI: Robert Borden
- WWII: William Lyon Mackenzie King
- Great Depression: William Lyon Mackenzie King
- Post WWII: Louis St. Laurent
- 1960s: John Diefenbaker, then Lester B. Pearson
- 1970s: Pierre Trudeau
- 1980s: Pierre Trudeau
Importance of CD Howe and Sam Hughes
- CD Howe served as Minister of Munitions and Supply, essential in boosting Canadian wartime production, especially in WWII.
- Sam Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defence during WWI, significant for creating the Canadian Expeditionary Force and problematic in supply management.
Reasons for USA entry into WWI and WWII
- WWI entry largely due to unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany and the Zimmerman Telegram.
- WWII entry prompted by the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan.
Main method of battle during WWI
- Trench warfare characterized battle strategies, leading to stalemates and heavy casualties on both sides.
Area of Canadian battles during WWI
- Canadian soldiers fought predominantly in Flanders and the Somme; known as the Western Front.
Main battles of WWI
- Battle of Somme: Significant casualties and first use of tanks; Canadians fought at Beaumont-Hamel.
- Battle of Vimy Ridge: Key Canadian victory symbolizing national pride; use of creeping barrage technique by artillery.
- Battle of Ypres: Notable for the first large-scale use of poison gas; Canadians played a pivotal role in holding ground.
- Battle of Passchendaele: Heavy losses for limited territorial gain; highlighted the difficulties of trench warfare.
Significance of the Last 100 Days of WWI
- Marked a series of successful Canadian assaults leading to the end of the war; showcased Canadian military effectiveness and identity.
Causes of Winnipeg General Strike and results
- Causes included economic hardship, inflation, and poor labor conditions. Resulted in significant labor reforms but sparked fear of communism, known as "Bloody Saturday."
Popular culture of the 1920s
- Jazz music dominated, with figures like Louis Armstrong gaining fame; fashion witnessed the flapper movement with shorter skirts and androgynous styles.
The Famous 5
- Comprised of five women (Nellie McClung, Emily Murphy, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Irene Parlby, and Louise McKinney) who fought for women’s rights, particularly suffrage in Canada.
Importance of the Person’s Case
- Legal challenge resulted in women being classified as "persons," granting them the right to hold political office and marking a milestone for women's rights in Canada.
Black Tuesday
- Refers to October 29, 1929, when the stock market crashed; marks the beginning of the Great Depression's economic crisis.
Causes of the Great Depression
- Stock market crash, bank failures, reduction in consumer spending, and international trade decline.
Onto Ottawa Trek
- Occurred in 1935-1936; unemployed workers protested against working conditions and government relief measures, leading to violent clashes with police.
Coping mechanisms during the Great Depression
- Canadians resorted to bartering, living in makeshift homes, and participating in community kitchens and relief programs.
Immigration trends from the 1920s to Post WWII
- Immigration slowed during the Depression; post-WWII saw increased immigration as Canada expanded opportunities for displaced persons and skilled workers.
Famous “5 cent piece speech”
- Given by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, emphasizing financial equity; led to a significant shift in economic policy.
Hitler's rise to power
- Established a totalitarian regime, enacted anti-Semitic laws, and intensified militarization, eventually leading to WWII.
The St. Louis
- A ship carrying Jewish refugees denied entry into Cuba and the USA in 1939; symbolizes the apathy towards Jewish persecution pre-WWII.
Kristallnacht
- A violent pogrom against Jews in Nazi Germany on November 9-10, 1938; marked a significant escalation in anti-Jewish violence.
Key agreements of WWII
- Munich Agreement: Allowed Nazi annexation in exchange for peace, ultimately failed.
- Anschluss: Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938, reflecting Nazi expansionism.
- Rome-Berlin Pact: Alliance between Italy and Germany solidifying fascist power in Europe.
Key battles of WWII involving Canada
- Italy: Canadians played vital role in capturing Ortona.
- Battle of Britain: Canadian pilots contributed significantly to RAF efforts.
- Normandy: Canadians stormed Juno Beach on D-Day, securing a crucial foothold.
- Dieppe: Disaster for Canadian forces, a learning moment for future operations.
- Hong Kong: Canadian troops faced heavy casualties defending against Japanese invasion in 1941.
Camp X
- A secret World War II training facility in Ontario for spies and covert operations, contributing to Allied intelligence efforts.
Cold War overview
- A period of geopolitical tension primarily between the USA and USSR characterized by ideological conflict, military buildup, and proxy wars.
Significance of Lester Pearson
- Canadian Prime Minister known for promoting peacekeeping and winning the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in resolving the Suez Crisis.
The Avro Arrow
- An advanced Canadian fighter jet program ultimately canceled in 1959; represented Canadian innovation and led to loss of aerospace talent.
Canada’s role in Korea and Suez Canal
- Canada's involvement in the Korean War as part of UN forces; played a vital role in peacekeeping during the Suez Crisis.
Marshall Plan, Colombo Plan, GATT
- Marshall Plan: USA's initiative to aid European recovery post-WWII.
- Colombo Plan: Regional cooperation among Asian nations for economic and social development.
- GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade aimed at reducing international trade barriers.
The Quiet Revolution
- A period of intense socio-political and cultural change in Quebec during the 1960s, led by Premier Jean Lesage focusing on modernization and secularization.
Adoption of the Canadian Flag
- The current Canadian Flag was officially adopted on February 15, 1965.
The Bill of Rights
- Passed in 1960 under Prime Minister John Diefenbaker; aimed to protect individual rights and freedoms in Canada.
The October Crisis
- Occurred in 1970; Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act in response to terrorist acts by the FLQ, leading to the temporary suspension of civil liberties.
Bill 101
- Also known as the Charter of the French Language, enacted in 1977, aimed to promote French as the primary language in Quebec.
1976 and 1980 Quebec Referendums
- 1976: Quebec sovereignty movement gains momentum; 1980: referendum on sovereignty-association failed, reinforcing Canadian unity.
Importance of Tommy Douglas
- Known as the "father of Medicare" in Canada, promoting publicly funded healthcare and social welfare programs.
Welfare State definition and comparison
- Refers to government systems providing social services to ensure citizens' well-being; contrasts with pre-WWII minimal state intervention in private lives.
Importance of the White Paper
- A 1969 proposal aimed at dismantling treaties with Indigenous peoples, sparking backlash and leading to a re-evaluation of Indigenous rights policies.
Equalization Payments/Transfers
- Mechanism to distribute wealth among provinces in Canada, ensuring equal access to public services irrespective of regional wealth.
Canada's evolution towards full autonomy
- Progressed from colonial status to legal autonomy through statutes like the Statute of Westminster (1931) and the Constitution Act (1982).
Foreign policy comparison pre and post WWII
- Pre-WWII: Isolationist; post-WWII: Active multilateral engagement and peacekeeping efforts.
French-English relations post WWII
- Tension and movements for French linguistic rights emerged; political parties like the Parti Québécois and individuals like René Lévesque rose to prominence.
Baby boom impact
- Post-WWII population growth led to suburban expansion, driving economic prosperity and increased consumer demand.
Immigration policy evolution (1920s-1980s)
- Transitioned from restrictive policies in the 1920s to more inclusive approaches post-WWII reflecting changing demographics and economic needs.
Technological change in Canada
- Significant advancements in communication, transportation, and manufacturing contributed to economic growth and modernization across the nation.
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Test your knowledge of Canadian history, including World War I and II alliances, prime ministers, notable figures, and key battles. Covers significant events, dates, and outcomes.