Canadian CPL Regulations

• These are flashcards to help study for the Canadian Commercial Pilot License (CPL) Transport Canada (TC) written exam.

Regulations

• Commercial pilots operating under air taxi rules must have completed 5 takeoffs and landings within the preceding 90 days.
• To be pilot in command of a two-crew aircraft, an ATPL with a type rating for that aircraft is required.
• A 30-year-old commercial pilot with a Category 1 medical exam on February 13, 2001, issued March 21, 2001, can rent an aircraft and take a friend on a local flight until the last day of February 2006.
• To act as pilot in command of a single-engine aircraft for night VFR air taxi service without passengers, a commercial pilot needs a competency check.
• Pilot in command of a multi-engine airplane under IMC for air taxi service requires a PPC and ground/flight training within the preceding 12 months.
• Passengers are prohibited during night VFR commercial air taxi service in a single-engine airplane unless authorized by the Air Operator Certificate (AOC).
• VFR aircraft entering Class D airspace must establish two-way radio communication prior to entry. Mode C transponder is required, only if designated.
• Minimum night VFR weather for Class G airspace above 1000 feet AGL: 3 miles visibility; 2000 feet horizontal and 500 feet vertical distance from clouds.
• The minimum altitude and distance from a forest fire is 3000 feet AGL and 5 nautical miles, or as specified by NOTAM.
• Maximum airspeed when flying within 10 nautical miles below 3000 feet AGL of a controlled airport is 200 knots indicated airspeed (KIAS).
• When flying from the altimeter setting region into the standard pressure region, set the altimeter to 29.92 in Hg upon entering the standard pressure region.
• A reportable aviation incident involves aircraft with a maximum takeoff weight greater than 2250 kg (5000 lbs).
• Chevron markings before a runway threshold indicate the surface is unsuitable for landing, takeoff, or taxi.
• A pilot's maximum flight duty with a commercial operator depends on reporting time and the number of scheduled flights.
• When operating in the ADIZ, the ETA and route must be revised if not within ±5 minutes and ±20 nautical miles.
• SVFR can only be obtained in a control zone and requires a clearance.
• Pilots must allow a minimum of 12 hours between consuming alcohol and acting as a flight crewmember, and must not be affected by alcohol.
• Aircraft operating over a built-up area or open-air assembly of persons must maintain at least 1000 feet above the highest obstacle within 2000 feet horizontally.
• When approaching taxiway holding lines from the solid line side, pilots should not cross without ATC clearance.
• A series of arrows painted on the approach end of a runway signifies that the threshold has been displaced.
• The minimum distance at which an airplane may be operated from a structure not in a built-up area is 500 feet.
• Life preservers must be carried on board when flying more than 50 nautical miles from shore.
• Aerobatics are prohibited below 2000 feet AGL, unless otherwise authorized.
• Unless otherwise authorized, the maximum permissible indicated airspeed below 10,000 feet ASL is 250 knots.
• A flight plan or itinerary is required when traveling greater than 25 NM from the departure point.
• A pilot who has not flown in three years must complete a training program or Pilot Proficiency Check (PPC) to have a current license.
• A pilot who has not flown in over six years must complete a flight test review and PSTAR within 12 months of the flight to have a current license
• A temporarily closed runway is marked with white crosses.
• To request special VFR, an aircraft must have two-way radiocommunication.
• To conduct a single-pilot IFR flight with an air taxi operation, the pilot in command (PIC) must have a minimum of 1000 hours of flight time.
• Aircraft flying IFR in designated mountainous regions (areas 1 and 5) must be flown at least 2000 ft and 5 NM from the aircraft.
• In mountainous regions 2, 3, and 4, IFR aircraft must be flown at an altitude of at least 1500 ft within 5 NM.

Aircraft & Performance

• In a carburetor, the fuel-to-air ratio is governed by weight.
• The best power ratio is one part fuel to 14 parts air.
• As angle of attack increases, the center of pressure moves forward until stall, then rapidly rearward.
• If the pitot tube is blocked by ice during flight without pitot heat, the airspeed indicator will over-read in a climb and under-read in a descent.
• During an approach with decreasing performance shear, the aircraft will sink below the glide path, requiring more power initially, then less power once re-established.
• A few millimeters of ice or frost on an airfoil can increase stall speed and takeoff distance, requiring removal before flight.
• The purpose of flyweights in a constant speed propeller, equipped aircraft is to regulate the flow of engine oil to and from the propeller.
• The inclinometer within the turn coordinator reacts to centrifugal force and gravity.

Weather

• The troposphere is heated by incoming tangent rays from the sun, absorbed by the Earth's surface, which then heats the atmosphere from below.
• Most weather occurs in the troposphere.
• A trough is an elongated area of low pressure.
• Dewpoint is the temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure to become saturated.
• Stable air is characterized by poor low-level visibility, steady precipitation, and stratus-type clouds.
• Stratus or stratocumulus clouds may produce drizzle, freezing drizzle, or snow grains.
• During takeoff while climbing above 3000 feet AGL, winds generally veer and increase.
• Common winter air masses over North America are cA, mA, and mP.
• Unstable air becomes more stable when cooled from below.
• Winds are reported in METARs and TAFs in degrees true.
• True airspeed equals CAS corrected for non-standard temperature and pressure.
• Subsidence refers to air sinking and increasing in temperature.
• The Coriolis force deflects air to the right in the Northern Hemisphere.
• Pressure gradient force and Coriolis force work against each other in opposite directions.
• Geostrophic wind moves parallel to isobars.
• Resultant wind affected by friction moves at an angle to the isobars.
• The Trish cellular model moves the doldrums over the Equator.
• A seabreeze occurs during the day and blows towards the shore.
• Katabatic winds blow down valleys at night.
• According to Buys Ballot's law, with your back to the wind, your right hand points to the high-pressure system.
• Jetstream wind velocity includes wins of at least 60 kt at every point along its axis.
• While flying through a jetstream, monitoring outside air temperature, and notice a rise in temperature, climb to avoid turbulence.
• Jet streams are typically found between 10,000 to 30,000 feet altitude.
• Jet streams are located just below the tropopause.
• The subtropical jetstream is not associated with a frontal system.
• Jetstream speeds are greatest during the winter, due to sharper horizontal temperature contrasts.
• Air masses are defined by their source regions.
• A continental air mass is best described as dry.
• The maritime polar air mass brings Canada cool, moist, and damp weather.
• Anticipating a cold front, monitor pressure and notice a sharp rise, it indicates that the cold front is passing over.
• The dewpoint experiences a sharp drop as a cold front passes over.
• Most of the precipitation occurs before a warm front passage.
• The earliest indication of a warm front approaching is cirrus clouds.
• A trowel forms when a cold air mass advances on a warm air mass, forcing it up.

Navigation

• A straight line on a VNC represents a great circle.
• The six components of the triangle of velocities are wind speed/direction, heading/true airspeed, and aircraft track/ground speed.
• True track is measured from meridians of longitude.
• A VORTAC combines a VOR and TACAN.
• The EDF error associated with night effect is greatest on higher frequencies.

Aerodromes

• An airport served by an operating control tower within class D airspace ceases operation for the day, the airspace becomes class E uncontrolled.
• The vertical limit of class D airspace will normally be topped at 12500 feet ASL.
• When operating an aircraft in the vicinity of an airport that is within a class E control zone a pilot must establish radio contact when five minutes prior to entering.
• When there is a force fire, the airspace becomes Class F from the surface to 3000 feet AGL with a five nautical mile radius around the fire, unless a NOTAM is issued stating otherwise.
• Airplanes operating over a built-up area or open-air assembly of persons, must maintain an altitude of at least 1000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 2000 feet.

Charts & Instruments

• GFA charts are issued four times a day, six charts, the present six hours later, and 12 hours later.
• A compass will read most accurately during turns when positioned over the equator.
• True altitude is an exact height above mean sea level, as depicted on aeronautical charts.
• Absolute altitude is the actual height above the Earth's surface (AGL), considering altimeter setting and temperature variations.
• Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.
• Magnetic deviation is the angle through which the compass needle is deflected from the magnetic meridian.
• Aircraft shall be equipped with a transponder capable of automatic pressure, altitude reporting when operating within all Class A, B, and C airspace.
• MRA (Minimum Reception Altitude) provides the lowest altitude in aircraft can be assured of receiving navigation aids.
• The MEA altitude is published in order to provide both adequate signal coverage and obstacle clearance.

Definitions & Formulas

• Pressure altitude is the altitude indicated when the altimeter is set to 29.92 in Hg, used to determine true altitude, density altitude, and true airspeed.
• Weight shift formula: w / W = d / D, where w = weight to be moved, W = gross weight, d = distance CG moves, D = distance between stations.
• Calculating cloud base: (Temperature - dew point) / 3 * 1000 = cloud base (feet).

Border Crossing

• Flying to Canada requires contacting the Canadian Border Services Agency at the airport of entry at least two hours prior to arrival via phone.