Canada's Expansion and First Nations Treaties

The policy of expanding Canada's territory from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, encompassing the phrase "A Mari usque ad Mare" (From Sea to Sea).

The process of settling the Western territories of Canada, involving the acquisition of land from Indigenous Peoples and the establishment of European settlements. This involved negotiations with First Nations groups, the creation of reserves, and the impact of treaties on Indigenous communities.

The process of establishing clear boundaries and rules for distributing land to homesteaders in Western Canada, as defined by the Dominion Lands Act of 1872.

This act aimed to organize and distribute land in Western Canada, encouraging settlement through homesteading. The act stipulated that land further away from railway lines was free, while land closer to the railway required a fee. This policy aimed to prevent land speculation and promote efficient land acquisition.

A system of agreements between the Canadian government and First Nations groups, which often involved the surrender of Indigenous land in exchange for reserves and government support. These treaties, numbered 1 to 7, were signed between 1871 and 1877, covering regions in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta.

The establishment and implementation of a law enforcement presence in Western Canada, primarily due to the need for order and security during westward expansion. The lack of policing in the early years led to conflict and unrest, highlighting the importance of establishing a law enforcement presence.

The creation of provinces in Western Canada was crucial in establishing governance and administrative structures. The territory was divided into provinces, each with its own legislative body and government, contributing to the development of a more organized and functioning administration in the region.

The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) project, completed in 1885, became a defining moment in Canadian history. It linked the eastern and western parts of the country, enabling trade, travel, and settlement across vast distances. The CPR played a vital role in shaping the development and economy of Canada.

A major labor movement in Winnipeg, Canada, in 1919, where nearly 30,000 workers went on strike demanding better working conditions and collective bargaining rights.

The organization that represented workers during the Winnipeg General Strike, composed of delegates from various unions.

A group formed in opposition to the Winnipeg General Strike, made up of influential business leaders and politicians.

The right of workers to negotiate with their employers through a union.

The event that sparked the Winnipeg General Strike. Negotiations between management and labor in the building and metal trades failed.

The use of force to put down the strike, involving the Mounted Police and special forces.

The outcome of the Winnipeg General Strike, which saw the strikers return to work but without achieving their demands.

The arrest and conviction of seven strike leaders for conspiracy to overthrow the government.

The North-West Mounted Police was established in 1873 to protect settlers, First Nations, patrol the border, and maintain law and order.

A transcontinental railroad was envisioned by Prime Minister Macdonald to unify Canada economically and politically, connect the east and west, and discourage U.S. annexation.

The Pacific Scandal, involving the awarding of a railway contract in exchange for political donations, forced Prime Minister Macdonald to resign in 1873.

The National Policy aimed to promote nationwide growth, trade, communication, and transportation, and protect Western Canada from U.S. expansion.

High tariffs were imposed on imported goods to protect Canadian manufacturers and encourage new businesses.

The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1885 facilitated transportation of goods and people across Canada.

The National Policy encouraged immigration to populate and develop Western Canada.

Laurier's Liberal government actively encouraged immigration to boost Canada's economic growth and population after the economic depression.

Clifford Sifton, Minister of the Interior, oversaw federal lands, natural resources, and Indian Affairs, and played a key role in attracting immigrants.

Sifton targeted immigrants from central and eastern Canada, the UK, and Eastern Europe, particularly skilled farmers.

Sifton launched a major advertising campaign to promote Western Canada, using newspapers, pamphlets, posters, and immigration officials.

The free land offer for homesteading (160 acres) attracted many settlers to Western Canada.

Eastern European immigrants, including Doukhobors and Ukrainians, found Western Canada's grasslands similar to their homelands and readily adapted to farming.

Jewish immigrants, fleeing persecution and seeking refuge, contributed to Canada's manufacturing sector.

Canada's immigration policy was selective, excluding certain groups like African Americans, Sikhs, and, later, Japanese and Chinese immigrants through quotas and head taxes.

The process of an economy transitioning from focusing on primary resource industries (like farming, fishing, forestry) to secondary resource industries (like manufacturing).

The period when Canada's economy shifted from primarily extracting resources to producing manufactured goods, impacting jobs and lifestyles.

The movement of workers from rural areas and jobs in agriculture to urban areas and jobs in industries like manufacturing.

The process of people moving from rural areas to cities, often driven by economic opportunities created by industrialization.

The establishment of manufacturing facilities in Canada by American companies, contributing to the growth of Canadian industry.

The development of areas within cities where low-income residents live, often characterized by overcrowding and poor health conditions.

The emergence of a wealthy and powerful class in society, typically those who own businesses and control industry.

The group of workers, often in factories, who were employed by industries but did not share in the full benefits of economic growth.

The participation of women in the workforce, often paid significantly less than men for similar work.

Young children working in factories and industries, facing low wages and difficult conditions.

The number of hours worked per day and the number of days worked per week, which were long and without significant worker protections.

The city selected as the capital of Manitoba in 1870, experiencing rapid population growth due to the railway and associated industries.

The railroad yards on the edge of Winnipeg, which served as both a physical and social divider between the city's rich and poor.

The organization of workers into unions to improve their working conditions and wages, often met with resistance from businesses.

The period of high tension and social unrest in Winnipeg before and during World War I, fueled by economic inequalities, living conditions, and worker dissatisfaction.