Sheet 6 Physiology

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What is the blood volume in milliliters for a human weighing 70 kg?

700 ml

100 ml

5000 ml (correct)

750 ml

If a person weighs 80 kg, what would be the approximate blood volume in milliliters?

6500 ml

9000 ml

5500 ml

8000 ml (correct)

What is the blood volume in microliters for a person with a body weight of 60 kg?

55000 µL

50000 µL

60000 µL (correct)

45000 µL

If a person has a blood volume of 6000 ml, what would be their approximate weight in kilograms?

60 kg Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate blood volume in milliliters for a person weighing 90 kg?

9000 ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the highest number among the numbers discussed in the previous figure?

100 Signup and view all the answers

Which number is the lowest among the numbers mentioned in the previous figure?

40 Signup and view all the answers

Why does gaseous exchange take place at a more leisurely pace when relative blood flow is low?

There is less time for diffusion to occur Signup and view all the answers

What effect does low relative blood flow have on the efficiency of gaseous exchange?

It allows gas exchange to occur more slowly Signup and view all the answers

What is the sum of all the numbers discussed in the previous figure?

150 Signup and view all the answers

Which number was not discussed in the previous figure?

90 Signup and view all the answers

How does high relative blood flow impact gaseous exchange in the lungs?

It leads to faster gaseous exchange Signup and view all the answers

If a new number were to be added that is greater than 100 but less than 150, what could it be?

120 Signup and view all the answers

What happens when gaseous exchange occurs at a leisurely pace in the lungs?

Carbon dioxide is not effectively removed from the blood Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would gaseous exchange be impeded in the lungs?

When relative blood flow is high Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a person breathes pure O2 and the PO2 in the blood becomes 650 mmHg?

Oxygen becomes free radicals that can damage DNA, proteins, and cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential consequences of oxygen becoming free radicals in the body?

Damaging DNA, proteins, and cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

How does an increased PO2 level in the blood affect oxygen molecules?

It leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern associated with oxygen transforming into free radicals?

Cellular damage and dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Why does exposure to pure O2 at high pressures pose a risk to biological systems?

Due to the potential generation of free radicals Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxygen content of 15g of Hb when Po2 = 40?

12 ml O2/dl Signup and view all the answers

At what Po2 level does Hb become 75% saturated?

40 Signup and view all the answers

What represents the transition point from zone 3 to zone 2?

Po2 = 60 Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain contains cardiac, vascular, and respiratory centers?

Medulla oblongata Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata sends impulses?

Increased ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increase in temperature and binding to 2-3 DPG have on oxygen?

Increases its release Signup and view all the answers

How does binding to 2-3 DPG affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Shifts it to the right Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 2-3 DPG in relation to hemoglobin?

Helps stabilize the T state of hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in temperature affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Decreases affinity Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of reduced oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

Decreased oxygen transport efficiency Signup and view all the answers

How does the release of oxygen by hemoglobin change in response to an increase in 2-3 DPG levels?

Increases release Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for oxygen being released from hemoglobin at the tissues?

Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

At what oxygen saturation level is hemoglobin 25% saturated?

When it binds to 1 (O2) molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxygen saturation level when hemoglobin binds to 4 (O2) molecules?

100% Signup and view all the answers

When hemoglobin binds to 2 (O2) molecules, what percentage saturated is it?

50% Signup and view all the answers

At what saturation level is hemoglobin not bound to any oxygen molecules?

0% Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the iron in hemoglobin when it binds to oxygen?

It changes from Fe+2 to Fe+3 Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Co2 binding to hemoglobin have on oxygen release?

It decreases oxygen affinity Signup and view all the answers

At what pressure does the respiratory center depend for oxygen regulation?

Po2 = 60 Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hemoglobin when it transitions from the R state to the T state?

It releases more oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the Bohr's effect have on oxygen binding?

Decreases oxygen affinity Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Hbs being 50% saturated at a Po2 of 26?

No oxygen is released Signup and view all the answers

Why is a high apical PO2 unable to correct low PO2 in the left ventricle or left atrium?

The low PO2 is unable to reach the tissues due to high apical PO2. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when high apical PO2 mixes with low PO2 in the heart?

High apical PO2 is dominant over low PO2, affecting tissue oxygenation. Signup and view all the answers

How does the inability of high apical PO2 to correct low PO2 impact oxygen delivery to the tissues?

Oxygen delivery to the tissues is compromised as low PO2 fails to reach them. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does mixing high apical PO2 with low PO2 have on oxygen distribution in the body?

Oxygen preferentially reaches certain tissues over others. Signup and view all the answers

How does the mixing of varying oxygen levels in the heart chambers affect tissue oxygenation?

It can lead to inadequate tissue oxygenation due to mismatched oxygen levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the curve in the first figure being shifted to the right?

Enhanced oxygen delivery to tissues Signup and view all the answers

Why is it logically expected for saturation to be higher in the first figure at a Po2 of 40?

Increased temperature in exercising cells Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increase in 2-3 DPG levels have on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Shifts the curve to the left Signup and view all the answers

How might a decrease in pH in exercising cells affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Shift it to the left Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Increased Po2 levels Signup and view all the answers

What gets released by the bone marrow when a baby takes his first breath?

(2α 2β) Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the release of (2α 2β) according to the text?

Binding to 2-3 DPG Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of (2α 2β) released by the bone marrow?

To bind with oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which element is not released by the bone marrow when a baby takes his first breath?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the bone marrow when (2α 2β) is released as a baby takes his first breath?

(2α 2β) production stops Signup and view all the answers