Sheet 6 Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the blood volume in milliliters for a human weighing 70 kg?

  • 700 ml
  • 100 ml
  • 5000 ml (correct)
  • 750 ml
  • If a person weighs 80 kg, what would be the approximate blood volume in milliliters?

  • 6500 ml
  • 9000 ml
  • 5500 ml
  • 8000 ml (correct)
  • What is the blood volume in microliters for a person with a body weight of 60 kg?

  • 55000 µL
  • 50000 µL
  • 60000 µL (correct)
  • 45000 µL
  • If a person has a blood volume of 6000 ml, what would be their approximate weight in kilograms?

    <p>60 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate blood volume in milliliters for a person weighing 90 kg?

    <p>9000 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the highest number among the numbers discussed in the previous figure?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which number is the lowest among the numbers mentioned in the previous figure?

    <p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does gaseous exchange take place at a more leisurely pace when relative blood flow is low?

    <p>There is less time for diffusion to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does low relative blood flow have on the efficiency of gaseous exchange?

    <p>It allows gas exchange to occur more slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sum of all the numbers discussed in the previous figure?

    <p>150</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which number was not discussed in the previous figure?

    <p>90</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does high relative blood flow impact gaseous exchange in the lungs?

    <p>It leads to faster gaseous exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a new number were to be added that is greater than 100 but less than 150, what could it be?

    <p>120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when gaseous exchange occurs at a leisurely pace in the lungs?

    <p>Carbon dioxide is not effectively removed from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario would gaseous exchange be impeded in the lungs?

    <p>When relative blood flow is high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a person breathes pure O2 and the PO2 in the blood becomes 650 mmHg?

    <p>Oxygen becomes free radicals that can damage DNA, proteins, and cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of oxygen becoming free radicals in the body?

    <p>Damaging DNA, proteins, and cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increased PO2 level in the blood affect oxygen molecules?

    <p>It leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern associated with oxygen transforming into free radicals?

    <p>Cellular damage and dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does exposure to pure O2 at high pressures pose a risk to biological systems?

    <p>Due to the potential generation of free radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxygen content of 15g of Hb when Po2 = 40?

    <p>12 ml O2/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what Po2 level does Hb become 75% saturated?

    <p>40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the transition point from zone 3 to zone 2?

    <p>Po2 = 60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain contains cardiac, vascular, and respiratory centers?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata sends impulses?

    <p>Increased ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in temperature and binding to 2-3 DPG have on oxygen?

    <p>Increases its release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does binding to 2-3 DPG affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Shifts it to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 2-3 DPG in relation to hemoglobin?

    <p>Helps stabilize the T state of hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an increase in temperature affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

    <p>Decreases affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of reduced oxygen binding to hemoglobin?

    <p>Decreased oxygen transport efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the release of oxygen by hemoglobin change in response to an increase in 2-3 DPG levels?

    <p>Increases release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for oxygen being released from hemoglobin at the tissues?

    <p>Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what oxygen saturation level is hemoglobin 25% saturated?

    <p>When it binds to 1 (O2) molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxygen saturation level when hemoglobin binds to 4 (O2) molecules?

    <p>100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When hemoglobin binds to 2 (O2) molecules, what percentage saturated is it?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what saturation level is hemoglobin not bound to any oxygen molecules?

    <p>0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the iron in hemoglobin when it binds to oxygen?

    <p>It changes from Fe+2 to Fe+3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Co2 binding to hemoglobin have on oxygen release?

    <p>It decreases oxygen affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what pressure does the respiratory center depend for oxygen regulation?

    <p>Po2 = 60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hemoglobin when it transitions from the R state to the T state?

    <p>It releases more oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the Bohr's effect have on oxygen binding?

    <p>Decreases oxygen affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Hbs being 50% saturated at a Po2 of 26?

    <p>No oxygen is released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a high apical PO2 unable to correct low PO2 in the left ventricle or left atrium?

    <p>The low PO2 is unable to reach the tissues due to high apical PO2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when high apical PO2 mixes with low PO2 in the heart?

    <p>High apical PO2 is dominant over low PO2, affecting tissue oxygenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the inability of high apical PO2 to correct low PO2 impact oxygen delivery to the tissues?

    <p>Oxygen delivery to the tissues is compromised as low PO2 fails to reach them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does mixing high apical PO2 with low PO2 have on oxygen distribution in the body?

    <p>Oxygen preferentially reaches certain tissues over others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the mixing of varying oxygen levels in the heart chambers affect tissue oxygenation?

    <p>It can lead to inadequate tissue oxygenation due to mismatched oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the curve in the first figure being shifted to the right?

    <p>Enhanced oxygen delivery to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it logically expected for saturation to be higher in the first figure at a Po2 of 40?

    <p>Increased temperature in exercising cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in 2-3 DPG levels have on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Shifts the curve to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might a decrease in pH in exercising cells affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Shift it to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Increased Po2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gets released by the bone marrow when a baby takes his first breath?

    <p>(2α 2β)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the release of (2α 2β) according to the text?

    <p>Binding to 2-3 DPG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of (2α 2β) released by the bone marrow?

    <p>To bind with oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is not released by the bone marrow when a baby takes his first breath?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the bone marrow when (2α 2β) is released as a baby takes his first breath?

    <p>(2α 2β) production stops</p> Signup and view all the answers

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