Calcium Overview and Measurement
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The normal total serum calcium level is _______________________ mmol/L.

2.5

What is the function of protein-bound calcium in the body?

  • Inactive and not biologically available (correct)
  • Involved in subcellular signalling
  • Regulated for biological availability
  • Involved in bone formation

    • Match the following components of total calcium with their percentages:

    Protein-bound calcium = 45% Free ionic calcium = 45% Complexed calcium = 10%

    Calcium ions destabilize the cell membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium in biological membranes?

    <p>Key factor in stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every month, an adult resorbs about 1% of their bone, while reforming about 1% of their bone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory that describes the process of bone remodeling?

    <p>The Theory of Remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of biological control systems, whereby signaling molecules act via the ___________, is called Endocrinology.

    <p>circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bones with their respective types:

    <p>Neck of Femur = Trabecular bone Vertebral Body = Trabecular bone Cortical bone = Cortical bone Trabecular bone = Trabecular bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the three hormones PTH, CT, and 1,25(OH)2D in the body?

    <p>To regulate ionized Calcium in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alkaline Phosphatase levels increase with age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haversian canals are found in the ______________ bone.

    <p>cortical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of PTH in the body?

    <p>Regulate calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PTH is an example of a positive feedback loop.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the negative feedback loop involving PTH?

    <p>To normalize back to a setpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When you eat 1000 mg of calcium, you absorb _______ mg.

    <p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate total serum calcium level in the blood?

    <p>2.5 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following health conditions with their corresponding PTH levels:

    <p>Primary Hyperparathyroid = 14 pmol/L Hypoparathyroidism = 7 pmol/L Parathyroid OK, but cancer = 0 pmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium is completely absorbed from food into the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal bone condition in relation to calcium levels?

    <p>Normal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of calcium absorbed by the body if enough vitamin D is present?

    <p>200 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin D is necessary for poor calcium absorption.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of poor calcium absorption?

    <p>LOW BONE DENSITY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two types of bone structures in the human skeleton work together to _______________ and prevent bending.

    <p>prevent vertical collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of calcium excreted in the urine if enough vitamin D is present?

    <p>100 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by high bone density.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of calcium absorbed by the body if not enough vitamin D is present?

    <p>0.1 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Vitamin D = necessary for good calcium absorption Osteoporosis = a condition characterized by low bone density Calcium = essential for bone health Bone structures = work together to prevent vertical collapse and bending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of calcium on the cell membrane?

    <p>It makes the cell membrane firmer and less permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low calcium levels lead to hyperexcitability of neuromuscular tissues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bone in the body?

    <p>to be a reservoir of calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of calcium in the bloodstream is tightly regulated, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of ______________.

    <p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low calcium levels on the threshold voltage for firing in neurons?

    <p>It decreases the threshold voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone growth stops after puberty due to the mineralization of the growth plate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Chvostek Sign = A condition caused by low calcium levels Trousseau Sign = A condition caused by low calcium levels Epiphysial Fusion = The stoppage of longitudinal growth Endochondral ossification = The process of bone growth from fetus to adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of bone growth from fetus to adult?

    <p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sufficient vitamin D on calcium absorption?

    <p>Sufficient vitamin D enables the body to absorb 200 mg of calcium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to calcium absorption when there is insufficient vitamin D?

    <p>Only 100 mg of calcium is absorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal outcome when sufficient vitamin D is present?

    <p>NORMAL BONE DENSITY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of bone structures in the human skeleton?

    <p>Two types of bone structures are not specified in the provided content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of poor calcium absorption?

    <p>LOW BONE DENSITY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by low bone density?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of calcium passed to the stool when sufficient vitamin D is present?

    <p>200 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of calcium excreted in the urine when sufficient vitamin D is present?

    <p>200 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to insufficient vitamin D levels?

    <p>Poor calcium absorption, leading to low bone density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of calcium in maintaining healthy bones?

    <p>Calcium is essential for maintaining normal bone density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium is the 3rd most abundant element in the earth's crust.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ionized plasma calcium is biologically available for membranes or bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is destabilized by calcium ions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sea water contains about 10 mmol/L of calcium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal total serum calcium level is 2.2 mmol/L.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every year, an adult loses about 0.1% of their bone due to the remodeling process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three hormones PTH, CT, and 1,25(OH)2D serve to regulate ionized Magnesium in the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alkaline Phosphatase levels decrease with age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of calcium in biological membranes is to make them more permeable to other substances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of biological control systems, whereby signaling molecules act via the nervous system, is called Endocrinology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epiphyseal fusion occurs before the stoppage of longitudinal growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of calcium in the bloodstream has a coefficient of variation (CV) of 10%.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High calcium levels lead to hyperexcitability of neuromuscular tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The growth plate also mineralizes before puberty, and longitudinal growth stops.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary purpose of bone is to provide structural support for the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When you eat 400 mg of calcium, you absorb all of it if you have enough vitamin D

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by high bone density

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin D is necessary for poor calcium absorption

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two types of bone structures in the human skeleton work together to prevent bending and promote vertical collapse

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When there is not enough vitamin D, you absorb 200 mg of calcium if you eat 400 mg

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of calcium consumed from food is absorbed into the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PTH serves the purpose of regulating the body's calcium levels through a positive feedback loop.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total serum calcium level is the sum of free and protein-bound calcium, approximately equal to 2.5 mmol/L.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When calcium is absorbed from food, it is directly utilized by the bones for growth and development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal bone condition in relation to calcium levels is characterized by high calcium levels in the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Calcium Overview

    • Atomic weight: 40 g/mol
    • Valence: +2 (divalent cation)
    • Bone calcium: Tricalcium phosphate
    • Abundance: 3.64% of the Earth's crust (5th most abundant element)
    • Sea water concentration: 400 mg/L (10 mmol/L)
    • Milk concentration: 300 mg/L
    • Normal serum calcium: 2.5 mmol/L

    Measuring Calcium

    • Laboratory testing: measures total serum calcium and ionized plasma calcium
    • Normal total serum calcium: 2.5 mmol/L
    • Normal ionized calcium: 1.2 mmol/L
    • Total calcium composition:
      • Protein-bound calcium (45%): inactive, not biologically available
      • Free ionic calcium (45%): active, biologically available
      • Complexed calcium (10%): eg. Ca citrate

    Calcium in Biology

    • Key factor in biological membrane stability
    • Involved in subcellular signaling
    • Essential component of bone
    • Stabilizes cell membranes by anchoring to phospholipids
    • Makes excitable membranes more resistant to depolarization
    • Regulates neuromuscular activity

    Bone Disease

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) measured if calcium is abnormal
    • Bone markers (eg. Alkaline phosphatase) provide insight into cellular activity and therapy monitoring
    • Calcium is essential for bone growth and maintenance
    • Bone structure:
      • Cortical bone
      • Trabecular bone
    • Bone remodeling theory: resorption and formation occur continuously
    • Bone loss: 1% per year in adults

    Endocrinology

    • Study of biological control systems involving signaling molecules in the circulation
    • Three hormones regulate ionized calcium in the blood:
      • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
      • Calcitonin (CT)
      • Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D)
    • PTH serves to regulate calcium levels
    • Negative feedback loop: PTH production increases when calcium levels decrease

    Calcium from Food

    • Only a fraction of ingested calcium is absorbed
    • Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption
    • Calcium absorption efficiency depends on vitamin D levels
    • Normal bone density is maintained when calcium intake and absorption are sufficient

    Calcium Overview

    • Atomic weight: 40 g/mol
    • Valence: +2 (divalent cation)
    • Bone calcium: Tricalcium phosphate
    • Abundance: 3.64% of the Earth's crust (5th most abundant element)
    • Sea water concentration: 400 mg/L (10 mmol/L)
    • Milk concentration: 300 mg/L
    • Normal serum calcium: 2.5 mmol/L

    Measuring Calcium

    • Laboratory testing: measures total serum calcium and ionized plasma calcium
    • Normal total serum calcium: 2.5 mmol/L
    • Normal ionized calcium: 1.2 mmol/L
    • Total calcium composition:
      • Protein-bound calcium (45%): inactive, not biologically available
      • Free ionic calcium (45%): active, biologically available
      • Complexed calcium (10%): eg. Ca citrate

    Calcium in Biology

    • Key factor in biological membrane stability
    • Involved in subcellular signaling
    • Essential component of bone
    • Stabilizes cell membranes by anchoring to phospholipids
    • Makes excitable membranes more resistant to depolarization
    • Regulates neuromuscular activity

    Bone Disease

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) measured if calcium is abnormal
    • Bone markers (eg. Alkaline phosphatase) provide insight into cellular activity and therapy monitoring
    • Calcium is essential for bone growth and maintenance
    • Bone structure:
      • Cortical bone
      • Trabecular bone
    • Bone remodeling theory: resorption and formation occur continuously
    • Bone loss: 1% per year in adults

    Endocrinology

    • Study of biological control systems involving signaling molecules in the circulation
    • Three hormones regulate ionized calcium in the blood:
      • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
      • Calcitonin (CT)
      • Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D)
    • PTH serves to regulate calcium levels
    • Negative feedback loop: PTH production increases when calcium levels decrease

    Calcium from Food

    • Only a fraction of ingested calcium is absorbed
    • Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption
    • Calcium absorption efficiency depends on vitamin D levels
    • Normal bone density is maintained when calcium intake and absorption are sufficient

    Calcium

    • Atomic weight: 40 g/mol
    • Valence: +2 (divalent cation)
    • Bone Ca: Tricalcium phosphate
    • 3.64% of earth's crust (5th most abundant element)
    • Sea water contains about 400 mg/L (=10 mmol/L)
    • Milk contains 300 mg/L
    • Serum calcium: 2.5 mmol/L

    Laboratory Testing for Calcium

    • Measure total serum calcium and ionized plasma calcium
    • Normal total: 2.5 mmol/L
    • Normal ionized: 1.2 mmol/L
    • Total calcium: Protein-bound (45%) + free ionic calcium (45%) + complexed calcium (10%)

    Importance of Calcium in Biology

    • Key factor in stability of biological membranes
    • Subcellular signaling
    • Key component of bone
    • Stabilizes cell membrane by linking to negatively charged phosphoric part of phospholipids
    • Makes excitable membranes more resistant to depolarization

    Bone Disease

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) measured if calcium is abnormal
    • Bone markers (e.g., alkaline phosphatase) provide insight into cellular activity and help monitor therapy

    Calcium in Biological Membranes

    • Lipids in biological membranes align in a monolayer at an oil-water interface
    • The lipid bilayer of cell membranes stabilized by calcium ions
    • Calcium ions anchor phospholipids, making the cell membrane firmer and less permeable to other substances

    Calcium in Neuromuscular Function

    • Low calcium: hyperexcitability of neuromuscular tissues
    • Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign

    Bone Growth and Development

    • Primary purpose of bone: reservoir of calcium
    • Structural aspects of bone compromised when calcium is in short supply
    • Bone growth: macroscopic and microscopic
    • Ossification begins in an area of preformed cartilage

    Alkaline Phosphatase and Bone Remodeling

    • Normal range of alkaline phosphatase: varies with age
    • Theory of remodeling: every month, an adult resorbs about 1% of their bone and reforms about 0.9% of their bone
    • Net result: every year, an adult loses about 1% of their bone

    Endocrinology and Calcium Regulation

    • Study of biological control systems that act via the circulation
    • Three hormones regulate ionized calcium in the blood: parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), and calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D)
    • Normal feedback regulation: PTH serves the purpose of calcium regulation
    • Circulating PTH and calcium levels: example of a negative feedback loop

    Interpreting Lab Test Results

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) vs calcium in health and disease situations

    Calcium from Food

    • Only a fraction of consumed calcium is absorbed
    • Vitamin D necessary for calcium absorption
    • Normal bone density maintained with adequate calcium intake and sufficient vitamin D

    Osteoporosis

    • Low bone density
    • Prevention: adequate calcium intake, sufficient vitamin D, and regular exercise

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    Calcium and Bone Disease PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the overview of calcium, including its atomic weight, valence, and abundance, as well as its measurement in the laboratory and normal serum levels.

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