Calcium Overview and Measurement
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The normal total serum calcium level is _______________________ mmol/L.

2.5

What is the function of protein-bound calcium in the body?

  • Inactive and not biologically available (correct)
  • Involved in subcellular signalling
  • Regulated for biological availability
  • Involved in bone formation
  • Match the following components of total calcium with their percentages:

    Protein-bound calcium = 45% Free ionic calcium = 45% Complexed calcium = 10%

    Calcium ions destabilize the cell membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium in biological membranes?

    <p>Key factor in stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every month, an adult resorbs about 1% of their bone, while reforming about 1% of their bone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory that describes the process of bone remodeling?

    <p>The Theory of Remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of biological control systems, whereby signaling molecules act via the ___________, is called Endocrinology.

    <p>circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following bones with their respective types:

    <p>Neck of Femur = Trabecular bone Vertebral Body = Trabecular bone Cortical bone = Cortical bone Trabecular bone = Trabecular bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the three hormones PTH, CT, and 1,25(OH)2D in the body?

    <p>To regulate ionized Calcium in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alkaline Phosphatase levels increase with age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haversian canals are found in the ______________ bone.

    <p>cortical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of PTH in the body?

    <p>Regulate calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PTH is an example of a positive feedback loop.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of the negative feedback loop involving PTH?

    <p>To normalize back to a setpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When you eat 1000 mg of calcium, you absorb _______ mg.

    <p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate total serum calcium level in the blood?

    <p>2.5 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following health conditions with their corresponding PTH levels:

    <p>Primary Hyperparathyroid = 14 pmol/L Hypoparathyroidism = 7 pmol/L Parathyroid OK, but cancer = 0 pmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium is completely absorbed from food into the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal bone condition in relation to calcium levels?

    <p>Normal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of calcium absorbed by the body if enough vitamin D is present?

    <p>200 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin D is necessary for poor calcium absorption.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of poor calcium absorption?

    <p>LOW BONE DENSITY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two types of bone structures in the human skeleton work together to _______________ and prevent bending.

    <p>prevent vertical collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of calcium excreted in the urine if enough vitamin D is present?

    <p>100 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by high bone density.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of calcium absorbed by the body if not enough vitamin D is present?

    <p>0.1 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Vitamin D = necessary for good calcium absorption Osteoporosis = a condition characterized by low bone density Calcium = essential for bone health Bone structures = work together to prevent vertical collapse and bending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of calcium on the cell membrane?

    <p>It makes the cell membrane firmer and less permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low calcium levels lead to hyperexcitability of neuromuscular tissues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of bone in the body?

    <p>to be a reservoir of calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of calcium in the bloodstream is tightly regulated, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of ______________.

    <p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low calcium levels on the threshold voltage for firing in neurons?

    <p>It decreases the threshold voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone growth stops after puberty due to the mineralization of the growth plate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Chvostek Sign = A condition caused by low calcium levels Trousseau Sign = A condition caused by low calcium levels Epiphysial Fusion = The stoppage of longitudinal growth Endochondral ossification = The process of bone growth from fetus to adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of bone growth from fetus to adult?

    <p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sufficient vitamin D on calcium absorption?

    <p>Sufficient vitamin D enables the body to absorb 200 mg of calcium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to calcium absorption when there is insufficient vitamin D?

    <p>Only 100 mg of calcium is absorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal outcome when sufficient vitamin D is present?

    <p>NORMAL BONE DENSITY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of bone structures in the human skeleton?

    <p>Two types of bone structures are not specified in the provided content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of poor calcium absorption?

    <p>LOW BONE DENSITY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by low bone density?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of calcium passed to the stool when sufficient vitamin D is present?

    <p>200 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the amount of calcium excreted in the urine when sufficient vitamin D is present?

    <p>200 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to insufficient vitamin D levels?

    <p>Poor calcium absorption, leading to low bone density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of calcium in maintaining healthy bones?

    <p>Calcium is essential for maintaining normal bone density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium is the 3rd most abundant element in the earth's crust.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ionized plasma calcium is biologically available for membranes or bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is destabilized by calcium ions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sea water contains about 10 mmol/L of calcium.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal total serum calcium level is 2.2 mmol/L.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every year, an adult loses about 0.1% of their bone due to the remodeling process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three hormones PTH, CT, and 1,25(OH)2D serve to regulate ionized Magnesium in the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alkaline Phosphatase levels decrease with age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of calcium in biological membranes is to make them more permeable to other substances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of biological control systems, whereby signaling molecules act via the nervous system, is called Endocrinology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epiphyseal fusion occurs before the stoppage of longitudinal growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concentration of calcium in the bloodstream has a coefficient of variation (CV) of 10%.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High calcium levels lead to hyperexcitability of neuromuscular tissues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The growth plate also mineralizes before puberty, and longitudinal growth stops.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary purpose of bone is to provide structural support for the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When you eat 400 mg of calcium, you absorb all of it if you have enough vitamin D

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by high bone density

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin D is necessary for poor calcium absorption

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two types of bone structures in the human skeleton work together to prevent bending and promote vertical collapse

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When there is not enough vitamin D, you absorb 200 mg of calcium if you eat 400 mg

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of calcium consumed from food is absorbed into the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PTH serves the purpose of regulating the body's calcium levels through a positive feedback loop.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total serum calcium level is the sum of free and protein-bound calcium, approximately equal to 2.5 mmol/L.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When calcium is absorbed from food, it is directly utilized by the bones for growth and development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal bone condition in relation to calcium levels is characterized by high calcium levels in the bloodstream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Calcium Overview

    • Atomic weight: 40 g/mol
    • Valence: +2 (divalent cation)
    • Bone calcium: Tricalcium phosphate
    • Abundance: 3.64% of the Earth's crust (5th most abundant element)
    • Sea water concentration: 400 mg/L (10 mmol/L)
    • Milk concentration: 300 mg/L
    • Normal serum calcium: 2.5 mmol/L

    Measuring Calcium

    • Laboratory testing: measures total serum calcium and ionized plasma calcium
    • Normal total serum calcium: 2.5 mmol/L
    • Normal ionized calcium: 1.2 mmol/L
    • Total calcium composition:
      • Protein-bound calcium (45%): inactive, not biologically available
      • Free ionic calcium (45%): active, biologically available
      • Complexed calcium (10%): eg. Ca citrate

    Calcium in Biology

    • Key factor in biological membrane stability
    • Involved in subcellular signaling
    • Essential component of bone
    • Stabilizes cell membranes by anchoring to phospholipids
    • Makes excitable membranes more resistant to depolarization
    • Regulates neuromuscular activity

    Bone Disease

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) measured if calcium is abnormal
    • Bone markers (eg. Alkaline phosphatase) provide insight into cellular activity and therapy monitoring
    • Calcium is essential for bone growth and maintenance
    • Bone structure:
      • Cortical bone
      • Trabecular bone
    • Bone remodeling theory: resorption and formation occur continuously
    • Bone loss: 1% per year in adults

    Endocrinology

    • Study of biological control systems involving signaling molecules in the circulation
    • Three hormones regulate ionized calcium in the blood:
      • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
      • Calcitonin (CT)
      • Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D)
    • PTH serves to regulate calcium levels
    • Negative feedback loop: PTH production increases when calcium levels decrease

    Calcium from Food

    • Only a fraction of ingested calcium is absorbed
    • Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption
    • Calcium absorption efficiency depends on vitamin D levels
    • Normal bone density is maintained when calcium intake and absorption are sufficient

    Calcium Overview

    • Atomic weight: 40 g/mol
    • Valence: +2 (divalent cation)
    • Bone calcium: Tricalcium phosphate
    • Abundance: 3.64% of the Earth's crust (5th most abundant element)
    • Sea water concentration: 400 mg/L (10 mmol/L)
    • Milk concentration: 300 mg/L
    • Normal serum calcium: 2.5 mmol/L

    Measuring Calcium

    • Laboratory testing: measures total serum calcium and ionized plasma calcium
    • Normal total serum calcium: 2.5 mmol/L
    • Normal ionized calcium: 1.2 mmol/L
    • Total calcium composition:
      • Protein-bound calcium (45%): inactive, not biologically available
      • Free ionic calcium (45%): active, biologically available
      • Complexed calcium (10%): eg. Ca citrate

    Calcium in Biology

    • Key factor in biological membrane stability
    • Involved in subcellular signaling
    • Essential component of bone
    • Stabilizes cell membranes by anchoring to phospholipids
    • Makes excitable membranes more resistant to depolarization
    • Regulates neuromuscular activity

    Bone Disease

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) measured if calcium is abnormal
    • Bone markers (eg. Alkaline phosphatase) provide insight into cellular activity and therapy monitoring
    • Calcium is essential for bone growth and maintenance
    • Bone structure:
      • Cortical bone
      • Trabecular bone
    • Bone remodeling theory: resorption and formation occur continuously
    • Bone loss: 1% per year in adults

    Endocrinology

    • Study of biological control systems involving signaling molecules in the circulation
    • Three hormones regulate ionized calcium in the blood:
      • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
      • Calcitonin (CT)
      • Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D)
    • PTH serves to regulate calcium levels
    • Negative feedback loop: PTH production increases when calcium levels decrease

    Calcium from Food

    • Only a fraction of ingested calcium is absorbed
    • Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption
    • Calcium absorption efficiency depends on vitamin D levels
    • Normal bone density is maintained when calcium intake and absorption are sufficient

    Calcium

    • Atomic weight: 40 g/mol
    • Valence: +2 (divalent cation)
    • Bone Ca: Tricalcium phosphate
    • 3.64% of earth's crust (5th most abundant element)
    • Sea water contains about 400 mg/L (=10 mmol/L)
    • Milk contains 300 mg/L
    • Serum calcium: 2.5 mmol/L

    Laboratory Testing for Calcium

    • Measure total serum calcium and ionized plasma calcium
    • Normal total: 2.5 mmol/L
    • Normal ionized: 1.2 mmol/L
    • Total calcium: Protein-bound (45%) + free ionic calcium (45%) + complexed calcium (10%)

    Importance of Calcium in Biology

    • Key factor in stability of biological membranes
    • Subcellular signaling
    • Key component of bone
    • Stabilizes cell membrane by linking to negatively charged phosphoric part of phospholipids
    • Makes excitable membranes more resistant to depolarization

    Bone Disease

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) measured if calcium is abnormal
    • Bone markers (e.g., alkaline phosphatase) provide insight into cellular activity and help monitor therapy

    Calcium in Biological Membranes

    • Lipids in biological membranes align in a monolayer at an oil-water interface
    • The lipid bilayer of cell membranes stabilized by calcium ions
    • Calcium ions anchor phospholipids, making the cell membrane firmer and less permeable to other substances

    Calcium in Neuromuscular Function

    • Low calcium: hyperexcitability of neuromuscular tissues
    • Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign

    Bone Growth and Development

    • Primary purpose of bone: reservoir of calcium
    • Structural aspects of bone compromised when calcium is in short supply
    • Bone growth: macroscopic and microscopic
    • Ossification begins in an area of preformed cartilage

    Alkaline Phosphatase and Bone Remodeling

    • Normal range of alkaline phosphatase: varies with age
    • Theory of remodeling: every month, an adult resorbs about 1% of their bone and reforms about 0.9% of their bone
    • Net result: every year, an adult loses about 1% of their bone

    Endocrinology and Calcium Regulation

    • Study of biological control systems that act via the circulation
    • Three hormones regulate ionized calcium in the blood: parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), and calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D)
    • Normal feedback regulation: PTH serves the purpose of calcium regulation
    • Circulating PTH and calcium levels: example of a negative feedback loop

    Interpreting Lab Test Results

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) vs calcium in health and disease situations

    Calcium from Food

    • Only a fraction of consumed calcium is absorbed
    • Vitamin D necessary for calcium absorption
    • Normal bone density maintained with adequate calcium intake and sufficient vitamin D

    Osteoporosis

    • Low bone density
    • Prevention: adequate calcium intake, sufficient vitamin D, and regular exercise

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    Description

    This quiz covers the overview of calcium, including its atomic weight, valence, and abundance, as well as its measurement in the laboratory and normal serum levels.

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