Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate metabolism

<p>Decrease in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They influence muscle contraction and neuromuscular excitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shifts the curve to the right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It exclusively contributes to bone mineralization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encourages the release of oxygen from hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It marks high-risk for fractures in vulnerable locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They serve as a source of mineral for overall homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may be damaged and lose the ability to concentrate urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher incidence of osteoporosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases calcium and phosphorus release from bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher risk of falling injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>97.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes a left shift, decreasing oxygen binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the ability to form 2,3-DPG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results in a limited difference between hemoglobin and myoglobin dissociation curves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a tendency to precipitate as stones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a daily turnover of 500 mmol/day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They resorb bone, releasing calcium and phosphate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 1 kg of calcium in bones is structural.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laying down collagen and mineralizing the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is associated with decreased bone density and increased fracture risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 → 6NaCl + Ca3(PO4)2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intact PTH, N-terminal PTH, and C-terminal fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ab-1 captures intact PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of calcium uptake and CAMP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulates the 1-hydroxylation of Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influencing calcium and phosphate metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25-hydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulating calcium and phosphate absorption in the gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase calcium levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D (Calcitriol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detection of reduced calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pre-pro-PTH is cleaved to form intact PTH from pro-PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It undergoes rapid degradation and has a short half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D (Calcitriol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates the synthesis and release of hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can interfere with assays measuring PTH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive immunoassay</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormones can act rapidly or slowly depending on their mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sufficient active vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased susceptibility to fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts as an Osteoclast Activating Factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuromuscular excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits PTH actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to secondary hyperparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous bone ablation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes a left shift, increasing oxygen binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced ability of hemoglobin to release oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lay down new, remodelled bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to reduced formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contributing to bone mineralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both genders show increasing content, with males peaking at age 19.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone turnover and adaptation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Playing a role in metabolism of sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levels of 2,3-DPG increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intact PTH (84 amino acids)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased bone mineral density</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased 2,3-DPG results in decreased hemoglobin saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiates intracellular signaling leading to CAMP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1α-hydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulation of intestinal calcium transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balances the concentration of different PTH forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases calcium levels in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis of pre-pro-PTH in the parathyroid gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances calcium absorption from the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive immunoassays measure intact PTH, N-terminal PTH, and C-terminal fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may interfere with assays that measure PTH levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>51 years, osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>19 mmol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates the release of calcium from bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biologically vulnerable locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases its activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous bone dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contributes to hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are stimulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parathyroid adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of kidney stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ineffective actions of PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contributes to the formation of high-energy phosphates like ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are essential for the mineralization process of bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased oxygen levels in tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It binds within the central cavity of deoxygenated hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as essential co-factors in various enzymatic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shifts to the left, enhancing oxygen binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the ability to form 2,3-DPG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laying down collagen and mineralization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone mineral content progressively declines with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They precipitate as stones and calcify tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancing calcium absorption from the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced or falling levels of calcium and magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulation of parathyroid hormone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active form 1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To finely tune the synthesis and release of hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive immunoassay</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intact PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates intestinal calcium transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of cyclic AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catabolism leading to negative calcium balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>51 years, associated with increased osteoporosis risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates bone to release calcium and phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin D levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates bone formation and maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low phosphate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive bone dissolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibiting the release of PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetany</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoparathyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By activating osteoclasts and creating holes in bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased muscular strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces the effectiveness of PTH actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilute urine despite high calcium load</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) = Regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis 25(OH) Calciferol = Precursor form of Vitamin D 1,25(OH)2 Vitamin D (Calcitriol) = Enhances calcium absorption from the intestines N-terminal PTH = Undergoes fast proteolysis for regulation of PTH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pre-pro-PTH = Initial precursor synthesized from mRNA Pro-PTH = Cleaved form of pre-pro-PTH Intact PTH = Biologically active version released into plasma C-terminal fragments = Byproducts of PTH cleavage with slow renal clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback = Reduces hormone synthesis in response to high levels Positive feedback = Increases hormone synthesis in response to low levels Compensatory feedback = Triggers hormonal response to restore homeostasis Feedback inhibition = Regulates the release of hormones based on effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone resorption = Process stimulated by PTH to increase calcium levels Calcium reabsorption = Enhancement by PTH in the kidneys Vitamin D activation = Conversion to 1,25(OH)2D for calcium absorption Hormonal control = Rapid regulatory mechanism for maintaining homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptors in parathyroid gland = Detects low levels of calcium and magnesium mRNA synthesis = Triggers production of pre-pro-PTH Cleavage process = Produces biologically active intact PTH Secretion = Release of intact PTH into the blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive immunoassay = Technique used for measuring different forms of PTH Analytes = 34 N-terminal PTH, 84 Intact PTH, and 84 C-terminal fragments Detection method = Processes to identify PTH levels in blood tests Standardization = Ensures accuracy in hormonal assay results</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration = 10,000 mmol/day in nephron Reabsorption = 234 mmol/day by kidneys Secretion = 150 mmol/day in stomach Excretion = 200 mmol/day from kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menopause = Average age is 51 years Osteoporosis prevalence = 15% of women over 50 Risk of fracture = 46,000 women affected annually Morbidity causes = Leading cause of falls-related morbidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone catabolism = Negative calcium balance with aging Osteoporosis = BMD falls 2.5 SD below young adult mean Threshold for bone loss = High-risk fractures at vulnerable locations Weight-bearing exercise = Maintains bone health throughout life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin D = Facilitates calcium absorption in GI tract Fatty acids presence = Leads to non-absorbed calcium soaps Pancreatitis = Contributes to fat malabsorption Calcium excretion = Represents balance of calcium intake and loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates bone = Releases calcium and phosphorus Increases calcitriol = Enhances dietary absorption in intestines Kidney actions = Decreases calcium excretion Activates PTH = Responds to low blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>240 mmol/day = Kidneys filter calcium 19 mmol/day = Excreted in feces from GI tract 500 = Total plasma calcium concentration in mM 750 = Fecal calcium excretion rate per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium Turnover Rate = 500 mmol/day 2,3-DPG Function = Facilitates oxygen unloading to tissues Bone Resorption = Releasing calcium and phosphate Osteoclasts = Mature from osteocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate Oxygen Delivery = Due to diminished hemoglobin release of oxygen Left Shift in Curve = Enhances oxygen binding to hemoglobin Limited Difference in Curves = Reduces variance between hemoglobin and myoglobin Decreased Formation = Insufficient phosphate leads to less 2,3-DPG</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 Kg of Calcium in Bones = Equivalent to 25,000 mmoles Calcium's Structural Importance = Lifelong investment in bone strength Calcium Chelation = Forms complexes with other molecules Bone Metabolic Cycle Outcome = Results in bone turnover</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone Mineral Loss = Progressive decline with age Osteoporosis Risk = Increased in older adults Calcium Exchange in Bones = About 100 mmol readily exchangeable Hormonal Influence on Bone Content = Influences accrual during puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoblasts = Lay down new, remodelled bone Osteoclasts = Resorb bone and release calcium Osteocytes = Mature into osteoclasts Trabecular Bone = Metabolically active structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium and Phosphate Reaction = 3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 → 6NaCl + Ca3(PO4)2 Calcium at Biological Concentrations = Close to solubility product Tendency to Precipitate = Can lead to stones and tissue calcification Bone Turnover Components = Involves both resorption and formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium (Ca) = Plays a role in muscle contraction Magnesium (Mg) = Serves as a co-factor for various enzymes Phosphate (PO4) = Contributes to the formation of high-energy phosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen Binding and Unloading = Modulates oxygen unloading by hemoglobin Structure = Facilitates the release of oxygen in hemoglobin Effect on Hemoglobin = Increases efficiency of oxygen release Relation to Factors = Increases in response to decreased pH and temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium (Ca) = Contributes to neuromuscular excitability Phosphate (PO4) = Acts in acid-base balance 2,3-DPG = Increases during low oxygen levels Magnesium (Mg) = Aids in blood clotting processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium = Bone strength and structure Magnesium = Enzymatic co-factor roles Phosphate = Substrate for hydroxyapatite 2,3-DPG = Regulation of hemoglobin oxygen binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP = High energy phosphate Glycolysis = Process producing 2,3-DPG Acid-Base Balance = Role of phosphate to excrete H+ ions Bone Mineralization = Process involving calcium and phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium = Mineralization of teeth and bones Magnesium = Involved in muscle contraction Phosphate = Part of energy metabolism 2,3-DPG = Facilitates oxygen delivery to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intact PTH = Full-length hormone with 84 amino acids C-terminal fragments = Shorter fragments ranging from 35 to 84 amino acids N-terminal PTH = Segment of PTH from the amino end Measurable PTH forms = Includes intact PTH and its fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ab-1 = Captures intact PTH Ab-2 = Detects C-terminal fragments Sandwich immunoassay = Method for measuring PTH levels Solid phase = Where Ab-1 binds to PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates calcium reabsorption = Renal tubular effect Promotes phosphate excretion = Renal function impact Enhances vitamin D activation = Increases intestinal absorption Affects blood pressure = Potential cardiovascular influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin = Conversion from 7,8-dehydrocholesterol to pre-vitamin D3 Liver = Conversion of vitamin D3 to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 Kidney = Conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to active form Target tissues = Involvement with 25(OH)D and vitamin D receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25-hydroxylase = Converts vitamin D3 to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1α-hydroxylase = Converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to active form Adenyl cyclase = Mg++ dependent effector activated by PTH receptor Calcium-dependent enzymes = Influence calcium reabsorption mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates intestinal calcium transport = Increases absorption of calcium Influences bone metabolism = Affects bone density and strength Modulates insulin secretion = Potentially regulates blood sugar Affects immune response = Plays role in immune regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypoparathyroidism = Insufficient production of PTH leading to low calcium Magnesium Deficiency = Reduced effectiveness of PTH and calcium regulation Kidney Failure = Impaired calcium retention leading to decreased levels Vitamin D Deficiency = Leads to osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperparathyroidism = Continuous dissolution of bones causing fractures Bone Metastases = Tumor factors causing destruction of bone tissue Hypocalcemia = Results in neuromuscular excitability and tetany Dilute Urine = High calcium filtered load leading to kidney stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1-alpha Hydroxylase = Converts 25-OH-D to its active form PTH = Stimulated by low calcium levels to increase calcium 1,25(OH)2D = Inhibits further production when in excess Osteoclast Activating Factor = Stimulates bone resorption in malignancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated Serum Calcium = Excessive calcium retention by kidneys Increased Urinary Calcium = High filtered calcium despite dilute urine Neuromuscular Weakness = Impaired nerve function due to low calcium Osteomalacia = Weak bones in adults due to vitamin D deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal Effects of Hyperparathyroidism = Increased fractures due to bone dissolution Effects of Malignancy = Tumors metastasizing and disrupting bone integrity Symptoms of Hypocalcemia = Tetany and neuromuscular excitability Renal Effects of Hyperparathyroidism = Excessive calcium retention by the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active Vitamin D = Enhances calcium absorption in intestines Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults = Leads to the condition of osteomalacia Rickets in Children = Poor mineralization during growth leading to weak bones 1,25(OH)2D Feedback = Regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone Metastases = Process where tumors spread and cause bone damage Tetany = Condition characterized by muscle rigidity and spasms Hypoparathyroidism = Condition due to insufficient PTH production Hyperparathyroidism = Uncontrolled PTH production leading to high calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) = Stimulates bone resorption and elevates calcium 1-alpha Hydroxylase = Converts vitamin D to its active form Osteoclasts = Responsible for bone resorption during remodeling Calcium = Essential mineral regulating muscle and nerve function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High PTH levels = Stimulates 1-alpha Hydroxylase activity Elevated 1,25(OH)2D = Inhibits further production of active vitamin D Low phosphate levels = Stimulates 1-alpha Hydroxylase activity Kidney stones = Result from increased urinary calcium and dilute urine</p> Signup and view all the answers