Caffeine and Stress Experiment Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of having a control group in an experiment?

  • To reduce the overall time of the experiment
  • To increase the number of participants
  • To provide a similar treatment
  • To isolate the effects of the treatment (correct)

The placebo control group receives a treatment that contains actual caffeine.

False (B)

How much did the treatment group’s average stress level increase after the study?

20%

Participants in the treatment group are given __________.

<p>coffee</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following groups with their descriptions:

<p>Treatment Group = Participants who are given coffee Control Group = Participants who do not drink coffee Placebo Control Group = Participants who drink decaffeinated coffee</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increase in average stress level did the control group experience?

<p>5% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The placebo effect occurs when participants experience changes due to belief rather than actual treatment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected effect of caffeine on stress for participants in the treatment group?

<p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent variable in the research measuring the relationship between caffeine and stress?

<p>Amount of caffeine in coffee (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The null hypothesis states that there will be a difference in the level of stress reported by participants who receive varying doses of caffeine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by operationalising a variable?

<p>Defining the variable clearly so it can be accurately measured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In this research, stress can be measured by scores on a __________ that asks participants to rate their stress.

<p>questionnaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an extraneous variable in the research?

<p>Participants' thoughts about previous experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Independent Variable = The factor that is manipulated in an experiment Dependent Variable = The outcome that is measured in an experiment Extraneous Variables = Variables that can affect the dependent variable but are not controlled Demand Characteristics = Participants' behavior influenced by their perceptions of the study's purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

The operationalisation of caffeine in the study involved using 5 cups of coffee to achieve a total of 250mg of caffeine.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one confounding variable that can affect the dependent variable in this study.

<p>Participants' moods</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable (DV) in an experiment?

<p>The variable that is measured in an experiment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Confounding variables can be controlled in an experiment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one advantage of using the experimental research tool.

<p>Can confirm or reject a hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The researcher manipulates the __________ variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

<p>independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of variable with its description.

<p>Independent variable (IV) = What is manipulated by the experimenter Dependent variable (DV) = What is measured in the experiment Extraneous variables = Other factors that might influence the results Confounding variables = Extraneous variables that cannot be controlled</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the experimental research method?

<p>It always values individuality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evaluation apprehension occurs when participants are unaware they are part of an experiment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one disadvantage of the experimental research method.

<p>Need a large number of participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage by which caffeine is concluded to increase stress levels after deductions are made?

<p>10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A double-blind procedure allows only the experimenter to remain unaware of group assignments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must a researcher manipulate to conduct a true experiment?

<p>Independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

If one or more criteria for a true experiment are not met, it will automatically be a _______.

<p>quasi experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one disadvantage of true experiments?

<p>Individuality of participants is not valued (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quasi experiments can manipulate independent variables effectively.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is evaluation apprehension?

<p>Concern about being judged on performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of quasi-experiments?

<p>Less control over the independent variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Laboratory experiments have high ecological validity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of laboratory experiments?

<p>High reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common example of a demand characteristic is the __________ effect.

<p>Hawthorne</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of experiment to its characteristic:

<p>Quasi-experiment = Characteristics cannot be changed Laboratory experiment = High control over extraneous variables Field experiment = Natural environment Demand characteristic = Participant's altered behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of field experiments?

<p>Inability to control variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quasi-experiments allow random assignment of participants to groups.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one reason why laboratory experiments are easy to replicate.

<p>Standardized procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant disadvantage of field experiments?

<p>They are more difficult to replicate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Field experiments have less ecological validity compared to lab experiments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a natural experiment?

<p>A study examining the effects of a naturally occurring event.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a natural experiment, the independent variable is the change in the situation __________ the event.

<p>before and after</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key advantage of natural experiments?

<p>They avoid the artificiality of laboratory settings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extraneous variables are more easily controlled in field experiments than in lab experiments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a researcher’s prediction about the relationship between independent and dependent variables?

<p>Research hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypothesis

The proposed relationship between variables in a study.

Null Hypothesis

The opposite of the hypothesis; states there's no relationship between variables.

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that the researcher manipulates or changes.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment.

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Operationalisation of Variables

Clearly defining how variables will be measured in an experiment.

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Extraneous Variables

Variables that can affect the dependent variable but are not part of the intended study.

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Confounding Variables

Extraneous variables that researchers can't control but can influence results.

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Confounding Variables

A variable that is systematically linked to both the independent and dependent variable.

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Advantages of Experimental Research

Ideal for quantitative studies where you manipulate variables. You can confirm or reject a hypothesis. Helps establish relationships between variables. Offers a better chance of objectivity than other research tools.

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Disadvantages of Experimental Research

Participant awareness can lead to evaluation apprehension, meaning they might feel judged. Requires a large number of participants. Not suitable for sensitive topics. Individuality isn't emphasized.

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How to Conduct an Accurate Experiment

The researcher manipulates the independent variable (IV) to see its effect on the dependent variable (DV). They try their best to control extraneous variables to isolate the impact of the IV. After analyzing the results, they can draw a conclusion about the relationship between the variables.

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Treatment group

A group of participants in an experiment who receive the actual treatment being studied. Example: Individuals given caffeine.

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Control group

A group of participants in an experiment who do not receive the treatment being studied. Acts as a baseline for comparison. Example: Individuals given no caffeine.

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Placebo control group

A group of participants in an experiment who receive a placebo treatment. This helps isolate the true effect of the treatment from the placebo effect. Example: Individuals given decaffeinated coffee.

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Placebo effect

A phenomenon where people experience a change in their condition simply because they believe they are receiving a treatment, even if the treatment is fake or ineffective. Example: People feeling more alert after drinking decaffeinated coffee because they believe it is caffeinated.

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Random assignment

The process of assigning participants to different groups in an experiment randomly. This helps ensure that the groups are as similar as possible at the start of the experiment. This reduces bias.

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Keeping variables constant

Keeping all factors constant except the one being studied to make sure that the observed effects are due to the variable being investigated. Example: Using only 30-year-old Maltese females in all groups.

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True effect

The difference between the observed effect of a treatment and the effect of a placebo. Example: The effect of caffeine on stress levels is the difference between the stress levels of the treatment group and the placebo control group.

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Single-blind Procedure

A research method where participants are unaware of their group assignment (treatment or control). This helps control for demand characteristics, where participants' behavior is influenced by their knowledge of the study.

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Double-blind Procedure

A research method where neither the participants nor the researcher knows which group participants belong to. This helps reduce bias from both participants' expectations and the researcher's potential influence.

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True Experiment

An experiment that meets specific criteria to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. It involves manipulating the independent variable, having a treatment and control group, and randomly assigning participants to these groups.

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Quasi-Experiment

An experiment that lacks random assignment of participants to treatment and control groups. It often involves natural, unmanipulated variables.

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Independent Variable

A variable that the researcher manipulates to observe its effect on another variable. In a true experiment, only the independent variable is manipulated.

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Dependent Variable

A variable that is measured in an experiment to see how it is affected by changes in the independent variable. It's the 'effect' in a cause-and-effect relationship.

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Example of Quasi-Experiment

A type of experiment where the participants' characteristics cannot be changed to see what relationship they might have with the dependent variable.

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Laboratory Experiment

A type of experiment conducted in a controlled environment to minimize the influence of extraneous variables.

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Example of a Lab Experiment

Pavlov's experiment where he conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.

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Field Experiment

A type of experiment conducted in the natural environment where behaviour normally occurs.

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Natural Experiment

A type of quasi-experiment where participants are naturally divided into groups that share a common characteristic.

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Hawthorne Effect

The tendency of participants in a study to perform better than normal because they are aware of being observed.

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Demand Characteristics

The tendency of people in an experiment to change their behavior based on their perception of the researcher's expectations.

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Ecological validity

The extent to which the findings of a study can be applied to real-life situations. This is high in field experiments and natural experiments.

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Lab experiment

A type of experiment conducted in a controlled setting, such as a laboratory. Researchers have more control over extraneous variables, but the environment might not be as natural.

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Replicability

The ability to replicate the results of a study under similar conditions. This is generally more difficult in field experiments and natural experiments due to less control over extraneous variables.

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Study Notes

Variables in Experiments

  • Variable: Any object, quality, or event that changes. Examples include noise and performance.
  • Independent Variable (IV): The variable the experimenter manipulates to see its effect on another variable.
  • Dependent Variable (DV): The variable measured in an experiment. It's typically influenced by the IV.
  • Extraneous Variables: Factors that might affect the DV, other than the IV, Researchers need to try to control these. Examples include time of day, mood, hunger, amount of sleep, previous experience.
  • Confounding Variables: Extraneous variables that researchers cannot control that interfere with the experiment and influence the results.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Experiments

  • Advantages:

    • Ideal for quantitative studies where variables are manipulated.
    • Can confirm or reject a hypothesis.
    • Establishes relationships between variables.
    • Easier to assess validity and reliability than qualitative methods.
    • Numerical data is easy to analyze.
    • Offers high objectivity.

  • Disadvantages:

    • Evaluation apprehension if participants know they are being tested.
    • Need many participants.
    • Not all topics are suitable for experiments.
    • Individuality is not considered the same each time the experiment is run.

Conducting Accurate Experiments

  • Procedure:
    • Manipulate the independent variable (IV).
    • Measure the dependent variable (DV).
    • Minimize the effects of extraneous variables.
    • Draw conclusions about the relationship and confirm/reject the hypothesis.

Example of Experiment: Caffeine and Stress

  • Title: Measuring the relationship between caffeine and stress.
  • Hypothesis: Participants with a high dose of caffeine will show increased stress levels.
  • Null Hypothesis: No difference in stress levels between participants with different caffeine doses.
  • Independent Variable: Amount of caffeine.
  • Dependent Variable: Participants' stress levels.
  • Operationalization: Stress needs a clear definition (e.g., scores on a questionnaire or blood pressure). Caffeine dosage must be precise (e.g., 250mg of caffeine in 5 cups).

Possible Extraneous Variables

  • Caffeine intake before the experiment.
  • Participants' expectations/experiences.
  • Feelings of stress from experimental situation itself.
  • Timing of the experiment.
  • Mood of the participants.

Placebo Control Group

  • Participants getting a placebo (fake) treatment.
  • Used to isolate the true effects of the IV (caffeine).
  • Helps ensure that stress changes relate to caffeine rather than expectations alone.

Single-Blind and Double-Blind Procedures

  • Single-blind: Participants unaware of group assignments.
  • Double-blind: Neither participants nor researchers know assignments to minimize researcher bias.

True vs. Quasi Experiments

  • True Experiments:
    • Random assignment to groups.
    • Manipulation of the independent variable (IV).
    • Control over variables (most accurate).
  • Quasi Experiments:
    • No random assignment to groups.
    • Natural or pre-existing IVs (e.g., gender, age).

Types of Experiments

  • Lab Experiments: Take place in controlled environments, maximizing control over variables.
  • Field Experiments: Conducted in natural settings, allowing for high ecological validity, but harder to control extraneous variables.
  • Natural Experiments: Researchers study naturally occurring events and their effects on a dependent variable (DV).

Demand Characteristics

  • Participant expectations of the experiment influence their behavior.
  • Participants may try to please the researcher (screw-you effect).

Hawthorne Effect

  • Participants work harder or perform better when being observed.
  • Can influence results in studies.

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Related Documents

Variables in Research PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the effects of caffeine on stress levels through this quiz, which covers key concepts such as control groups, independent variables, and the placebo effect. Explore the dynamics of experimental design and learn how varying doses of caffeine influence stress in participants.

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