BMS quiz compilation
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Questions and Answers

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

  • Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group (correct)
  • Nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, Sulfhydryl group
  • Nitrogenous base, 6-carbon sugar, phosphate group
  • Nitrogenous base, 6-carbdon sugar, Sulfhydryl group

    • Which of the following regarding bond types is correct?

  • Dipole-dipole interactions is a type of non-covalent bond between two polar molecules (correct)
  • A polar covalent bond involves equal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms
  • A covalent bond involves one atom donating electrons to another atom
  • An ionic bond involves sharing electrons between 2 atoms

    • Fatty acids can attach to a glycerol backbone via an ester linkage to form a:

  • Polypeptide
  • Nucleotide
  • disaccharide
  • triglyceride (correct)

    • What is the name of the functional group NH2?

    <p>Amino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate from ATP to another molecule other than water?

    <p>kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules are produced during beta oxidation and can feed into the production of ATP? More than one will apply:

    <p>FADH2, NADH, Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lists of reactions includes ONLY catabolic reactions?

    <p>Glycolysis, beta oxidation, lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules cannot feed into BOTH anabolic and catabolic reactions?

    <p>triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a part of the matrix of connective tissue?

    <p>all of the options are components of the matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following type of epithelium is most suited to providing mechanical protection (i.e. from abrasion, trauma)?

    <p>stratified squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered, "Connective tissue proper"?

    <p>dense connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the "p" mean when we use the term "pH"?

    <p>it indicates the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substance X is 50% deprotonated at a pH of 8.5 and almost 100% deprotonated at a pH of 9.5. Which of the following best describes X?

    <p>weak base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the TRUE statements regarding the Henderson-Hasselbach equation:

    <p>The pKa of the acid-base system is necessary to calculate the pH. The Henderson-Hasselbach equation is usually applied to weak acid/base systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A particular biochemical reaction is endergonic - however, it occurs spontaneously within the cell. Choose all valid explanations below:

    <p>The system tends to occur in non-standard conditions - there is an abundance of reactants, with few products. The reaction is coupled to another exergonic reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes catalyze the conversion of Glucose to Glucose-6-Phosphate?

    <p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes catalyze the conversion of Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydoxyacetone phosphate?

    <p>Aldolase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the malate shuttle needed in gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Since oxaloacetate cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In order to convert pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the first bypass reaction of gluconeogenesis, which two enzymes are required?

    <p>Pyruvate carboxylase &amp; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glutamine synthetase catalyzes which of the following:

    <p>Direct incorporation of N into glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common precursor for the aspartate family of amino acids?

    <p>Oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two molecules combine to start the urea cycle?

    <p>Ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major force that drives gas movement in the microcirculation?

    <p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vascular structure will contain deoxygenated blood?

    <p>Pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is this?

    <p>leucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the amino acid:

    <p>serine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the functional group highlighted with the red box?

    <p>amino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme carries out the reaction below?

    <p>Mutase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NADH/NAD+ are derivatives of _________. In the reaction provided ____________ is being reduced.

    <p>B3; NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE regarding complimentary base pairing in DNA?

    <p>Adenine forms H-bonds with Thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bases is not found in RNA ?

    <p>thyamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare prokaryote and eukaryote transcription. Which of the following are correct?

    <p>Prokaryotic mRNA transcripts are translated right away since they do not need to be exported from the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a protein is destined for a lysosome, what sort of sequence will it contain to direct translation to the rough ER?

    <p>signal peptide sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nucleotide is modified and added to the 5’ end of the mRNA transcript during processing in eukaryotes?

    <p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a heavy metal such as lead (Pb+2) interacts with bonds within a protein, it can denature the protein. Which of the following bonds are vulnerable to this type of denaturation?

    <p>Disulfide bridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of enzyme regulation via irreversible covalent modification?

    <p>Cleavage of a peptide bond in a proenzyme to form an active enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is FALSE regarding enzymes?

    <p>The enzyme is used up by the reaction and will need to be remade via transcription and translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of enzyme regulation via reversible covalent modification?

    <p>Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase inhibits glycogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of bonds form the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of any pseudo-first order reaction?

    <p>One substrate has a concentration is excess of what is needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pseudo-first order hydrolysis reaction, how does doubling the amount of water affect the rate of the reaction?

    <p>None of these options are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important piece of information can be gained from Michaelis Menten kinetics?

    <p>The affinity of an enzyme for its coenzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right border of the heart is formed by:

    <p>The right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first heart sound (Lub) is associated with:

    <p>Closing of the AV valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements are true regarding muscular movements driving ventilation?

    <p>Contraction of the diaphragm aids inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When examining the posterior thorax, at what spinal level does the lung tissue usually descend to when your patient takes a deep breath?

    <p>T12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1) is a key intracellular signaling component that:

    <p>associates with lipid rafts and activates Akt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are true of the Gs type of G-protein?

    <p>it activates adenylyl cyclase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the TRUE statements re: G-protein activation or inactivation.

    <p>G-proteins are in an inactivated state when the alpha and beta-gamma subunits are associated with each other. The alpha subunit of a G-protein is activate when it is bound to GTP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the common lipid membrane component sphingolipids?

    <p>1 fatty acyl group, ceramide backbone, polar head group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the cytoskeleton is true?

    <p>G-actin is the globular subunit of actin filaments and has intrinsic ATP-ase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following modifications would contribute to the most drastic loss of fluidity to the membrane?

    <p>removing cholesterol, removing unsaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the cytoskeleton is false?

    <p>The MTOC is an organized structure essential for centrioles in cell division made from a complex of microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fill in the following blanks with the best answers below:

    The lipid bilayer is permeable to (i) _____________ molecules such as carbon dioxide & steroids, but is impermeable to (ii) _____________ molecules such as glucose

    <p>(i) non polar, uncharged; (ii) charged, large polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding Starling forces?

    <p>the osmotic pressure is a &quot;pulling&quot; force that is higher in the capillary than the interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct regarding Ohm's law?

    <p>Ohm's law states that current, or flow of ions, is directly related to the voltage difference - current increases as voltage increases. Ohm's law states that current, or flow of ions, is indirectly related to the voltage difference - current decreases as resistance increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the factors that decrease the flow of fluid through a tube, as per Poiseuille's law:

    <p>an increase in the viscosity of the fluid in the tube, an increase in the length of the tube, a decrease in the radius of the tube that fluid flows through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct Nernst potential for K+ in most cells?

    <p>-90mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Fick's law, the flow/flux of substances through the cell membrane are affected by all except the following:

    <p>osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the correct order of translation initiation in eukaryotes?

    <p>Met-tRNAi binds to the P site of the small ribosomal subunit, small ribosomal subunit bind to the 5’ cap and then scans mRNA until is reaches AUG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleotides have a double-ring base?

    <p>A &amp; B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleotides have a single ring base?

    <p>B &amp; C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms:

    <p>Adenine = Thymine Guanine = Cytosine Chargaff's rule = number of purines = number of pyrimidines Uracil = Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forces are needed to stabilize the DNA double helix?

    <p>All options are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consider the negative charge between phosphate groups within the sugar backbone.

    Would these adjacent negative charges repel one another and destabilize the helix?

    Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bonds contribute to the stability of the DNA helix?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleosomes are the structural unit for packaging DNA.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Euchromatin is a densely packed form of chromatin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans have 46 pairs of chromosomes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the non-coding sequence removed during splicing?

    <p>Intron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following RNA molecules directly codes for proteins?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following RNA types with their functions:

    <p>mRNA = Directly codes for proteins tRNA = translation to carry correct amino acid to the growing peptide chain snRNA = functions in the spliceosome rRNA = basic structure of ribosome complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An Anticodon is what?

    <p>3 consecutive nucleotides that pair with the complementary codon in an mRNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wobble hypothesis: despite 64 possible combinations of nucleotides into a 3-nucleotide codon, there are only 20 amino acids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of RNA to their function:

    <p>miRNA = regulate gene expression: block/prevent translation of specific mRNA's and promote their degredation siRNA = reduce gene expression: direct degradation of specific mRNA IncRNA = regulate gene expression: can increase or decrease transcription mRNA = Directly codes for proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following RNA molecules are involved in gene regulation?

    <p>siRNA, miRNA, incRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme moves along the DNA, unwinding the DNA helix just ahead of the active site for polymerization?

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the initiation phase of transcription?

    <p>TFII recognizes and binds a consensus sequence in the promoter region, other transcription factors join in, RNA polymerase II joins, Transcription initiation complex is completed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During transcription which of the following proteins bind the TATA box within the promotor region?

    <p>TFII D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is correct regarding RNA processing?

    <p>splicing is catalyzed by snRNA and proteins complexed into snRNP's.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first amino acid added to any polypeptide is:

    <p>Methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active transport: is a protein that moves a substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient using ATP.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of active transports?

    <p>A &amp; B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    match the following transporters to their function:

    <p>Passive transport = A protein forms a channel that allows a substance across the membrane, along it's concentration gradient. (aquaporins) Facilitated transport = a protein carrier binds to a substance and transports it across a membrane, allowing it to follow it's concentration gradient. (glucose transporter/GLUT) Co-transport = The transport of two substances (x and Y) are coupled using the same protein. The concentration gradient of X favors movement into the cell-Y is &quot;pulled&quot; along, even if the gradient of Y does not favor cell entry (sodium-glucose and SGLT-1 and -2) Counter-transport = X and Y move in opposite directions across the cell membrane- the gradient of one of the molecules supplies the energy to drive the transport. (CL-/HCO3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functions does the cytoskeleton perform?

    <p>All options are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their functions:

    <p>Microtubules = trafficking of organelles and cell division, organization of overall structure, cell movement, molecule-tubulin Microfilaments = cell movement, structural organization of plasma membrane Intermediate filaments = Overall structure integrity of the cell, variety of molecules - keratins, desmin Actin = Monomer-G actin; Polymer-F actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Intermediate filaments:

    <p>Lamins = A network of filaments just under the nuclear membrane Keratins = Epithelial cells, hair, nails. Strong modified to limit water permeability Vimentin Family (Vimentin, Desmin, GFAP) = Confer stability and structure to: -many mesenchymal cells. - Muscle cells, some epithelial cells, -glial cells (a type of brain cell) Neurofilaments = Intermediate filaments found in neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a phospholipid?

    <p>All options are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipids can be broken down into two main classes: fatty acid, and isoprenoid

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If both fatty acids are linked to the glycerol backbone with an ester link, it's called a Plasmalogen.

    If one fatty acid is linked to the glycerol backbone with an ester link while the other has an ether link, it is called a phosphatidate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is this?

    <p>Phosphatidic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is this?

    <p>Phosphatidylethanolamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is this?

    <p>Phosphatidylserine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name this molecule.

    <p>Phosphotidylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name this molecule

    <p>Sphingomyelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a glycerophospholipid?

    <p>2 hydrocarbon chains, glycerol, phosphate-alcohol head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nucleotide is used to help with the addition of head group to phosphatidic acid?

    <p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the true statement regarding cholesterol:

    <p>All options are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following steps of cholesterol synthesis to its function:

    <p>Condensation = 3 acetyl CoA into Mevalonate Formation = of isopentenyl pyrophosphate Creation = of squalene Cyclization of = squalene to cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many acetyl CoA are needed to make Mevalonate?

    <p>3 Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thick muscular wall that separates the left and right ventricle.

    <p>Interventricular septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrioventricular valves are floppy in nature and are anchored by:

    <p>Chordae tendinae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the "Dub" sound in the heart?

    <p>closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves (semilunar valves)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stenosis?

    <p>A &amp; B are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regurgitation is when the valve doesn't close fully.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Systole is when the heart muscles contract and diastole is when the heart muscles relax.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statement regarding ficks law is true?

    <p>flow increases when the concentration gradient, surface area, and the permeability of the barrier to a substance all increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ficks law states that flow decreases when thickness of a membrane increases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the structures of the respiratory system:

    <p>Nasal cavity and nasopharynx = &quot;back of the nose and throat that lead to the larynx Larynx = Cartilaginous structure that contains the vocal folds Trachea = Midline, non-paired conducting airway Bronchi = Branching airways that contain variable amounts of cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Movement of gas is driven by concentration gradients (diffusion) in the lungs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The volume of the thoracic cavity increases causing a increase in the intrathoracic pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drop in intrathoracic pressure = drop in pressure of the airspaces of the lungs = movement of air from the atmosphere into the lungs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fissure dividing the superior lobe from the middle lobe, anteriorly: 4th rib -4th intercostal space

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inferior lobe airspaces descend from the(9th/10th) ____ rib posteriorly to the(11th/12th) _____rib on deep inspiration.

    <p>10th, 12th</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluid in the pleural space is called what?

    <p>Pleural effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about consolidation?

    <p>All options are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IncRNA can modify transcription by which of the following?

    <p>All options are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following:

    <p>cAMP activates = PKA Ca2+ activates = CaM Kinase Ras activates = Map Kinase DAG + Ca2+ activates = PKC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    JAK (janus Kinase) phosphorylates and activates transcription factors called STATS

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the thyroid receptor found?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thyroid hormone receptor is located in the nucleus, already bound to the DNA. Positively regulated genes will have what type of effect when the thyroid hormone binds to it?

    <p>Increased transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inside the nucleus, the receptor will bind to a DNA sequence specific to the steroid receptor called:

    <p>Hormone Response element (HRE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The net effect is that miRNAs with RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) act to silence mRNA post-transcription.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their function:

    <p>Bacteria = peptidoglycan cell wall; few species are harmful to humans; most are neutra Archaeans = Ribosomal structure closer to eukaryotes; found in extreme environments; none associated with disease Fungi = absorbative heterotroph; chitin cell wall; multicellular or unicellular Algae = unicellular or multicellular; categorized by their pigmentation and cell wall compositionno roots &amp; all tissues are photosynthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    which option lists the seven groups of microorganisms:

    <p>Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, small multicellular animals, viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following with their function:

    <p>Small multicellular animals = has multiple cells arranged in tissues and organs (ex: nematodes) viruses = infectious agents consisting of genetic material; requires a host to survive; surrounded by a capsid sometimes have a lipid layer Protozoa = unicellular; found in aquatic/terrestrial environments; Important for the ecosystem but can sometimes cause disease in animals and humans Eukaryotes = Unicellular, colonies, multicellular, proper nucleus with double membrane, linear chromosomes, cilia, pseudopodia, and many membrane bound organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotes: usually unicellular, DNA housed in the Nucleoid region, DNA is usually circular, flagella, and no membrane-bound organelles

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who introduced the notion that "cells were the foundational unit of life?"

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the founder of microbiology?

    <p>Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the founder of taxonomics?

    <p>Carolus Linnaeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Taxonomics is a system for naming an animal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 7 levels of classification from top to bottom?

    <p>Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who had the theory of "abiogeneses" or Spontaneous generation-life emerging from non-living matter.

    <p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who supported the idea of spontaneous generation by leaving gravy in a flask, boiling it to kill bacteria, and letting it sit again?

    <p>John Needham</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who concluded that the microbes in the liquid were the progeny of microbes that had been on the dust particles in the air with the swan neck experiment disproving the spontaneous generation theory?

    <p>Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pasturization?

    <p>Heating juices just enough to kill most bacteria without ruining the juices taste and other qualities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pasteur hypothesis: Germ theory of disease

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who studied the etiology of infectious disease?

    <p>Robert Koch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Koch's Postulates include:

    1. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease.
    2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
    3. When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease.
    4. The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals to their contributions:

    <p>Ignas Semmelweis = Handwashing Joseph Lister = Antiseptic technique; disinfection Florence Nightingale = Introducing antiseptic techniques into nursing practices John Snow = successfully correlated cholera propagation with poor water sanitation. (lead to: infection control, epidemiology)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ (Variolation/Jenners vaccine) early method of immunization against smallpox.

    <p>Variolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ (Focal point/Focal length/Refractive Index) is a dimensionless number that describes how light propagates through a particular medium. It is a fundamental optical property that quantifies how much the speed of light is reduced when it travels through a medium compared to its speed in a vacuum.

    <p>Refractive Index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___________ (Focal Point/Focal Length/Refractive Index) is a specific point in space to which parallel rays of light or other waves converge after being reflected, refracted, or diffracted.

    <p>Focal Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ (Focal Point/Focal Length/Refractive Index) is a key parameter in optics that measures the distance between the optical center of a lens or a curved mirror and its focal point.

    <p>Focal Length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resolution refers to the degree of detail or clarity of an image or the ability of a sensor or system to distinguish between closely spaced objects or features.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Numerical aperture characterizes the the ability of an optical system: NA=n⋅sin(θ)

    NA is the numerical aperture. n is the refractive index of the medium between the lens and the specimen. θ is the half-angle of the maximum cone of light that can enter or exit the lens.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immersion Oil is used to grow hair faster, and stronger.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following microscopes with their functions:

    <p>Brightfield Microscopy = the specimen is illuminated with white light, and the image is formed by light transmitted through the specimen. Darkfield Microscopy = the specimen appears bright against a dark background, providing high contrast for observing fine details. Phase-contrast Microscopy = This technique allows for the visualization of fine details and internal structures within living cells without the need for staining or other contrast-enhancing methods. Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy = enhances the contrast of transparent and colorless specimens by creating artificial shadows and highlights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fluorochromes (fluorescent dyes or fluorophores) are used to visualize and study biologic specimens.

    <p>Fluorescent microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    GFP is what?

    <p>Green fluorescent protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Advanced optical imaging technique used for high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging of specimens. It offers improved optical sectioning, contrast, and resolution compared to traditional light microscopes.

    <p>Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Refers to a series of images taken at different focal planes along the Z-axis (perpendicular to the imaging plane).

    <p>Z Stack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ (Fixation/Dye; Simple Stain/Differential Staining) a process in biological sample preparation that involves the use of chemical agents to preserve the structure of cells and tissues. Or a technique used in microbiology to affix microorganisms to a slide, allowing them to be stained for microscopic examination.

    <p>Fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ (Fixation/Dye; Simple Stain/Differential Staining) involves the application of multiple stains to a sample, each of which interacts with specific structures, leading to differential coloration.

    <p>Differential Staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ (Fixation/Dye; Simple Stain/Differential Staining) the use of colored substances to enhance the visibility of microorganisms under a microscope.

    <p>Dye; Simple Stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gram-_________ (Positive/Negative) Bacteria:

    -Thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall. -The peptidoglycan layer is closely packed. -Teichoic acids may be present in the cell wall. -No outer membrane outside the peptidoglycan layer.

    Gram-_________(Positive/Negative) Bacteria: -Thin peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall. -The peptidoglycan layer is sandwiched between an inner and outer membrane. -Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are present in the outer membrane. -No teichoic acids.

    <p>Positive, Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the correct order of the Gram positive procedure.

    <p>Prepare a smear, fixation, primary stain(crystal violet), Iodine treatment (mordant), decolorization, counter stain (safranin), Rinse and blot, Microscopic examinaion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______(Electron/Light) Microscopy: Relies on visible light to illuminate specimens. Limited by the wavelength of visible light (around 400-700 nm).

    ______(Electron/Light) Microscopy: Uses electron beams instead of light for imaging. Electrons have much shorter wavelengths than visible light (about 0.005 nm), providing higher resolution.

    <p>Light, Electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following buffers with their function:

    <p>Buffer = Prevent large changes in the pH of bodily fluid Phosphate = An important intracellular buffer, with minimal blood buffering ability Protein = An important extracellular buffer, with minimal intracellular buffering ability Bicarbonate = An important intracellular buffer, with some blood buffering ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a protein composed of two subunits called?

    <p>Dimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a protein composed of several subunits called?

    <p>Oligomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a protein composed of many subunits called?

    <p>Multimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a repeating structural unit within a multimeric protein called?

    <p>Protomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Vmax?

    <p>The capacity to convert substrate to product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inhibition is this?

    <p>Competitive Inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inhibition is this?

    <p>Non-competative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inhibition is this?

    <p>Uncompetitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the polar amino acid.

    <p>Threonine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the polar amino acid.

    <p>Tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the polar amino acid.

    <p>Asparagine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the polar amino acid.

    <p>Glutamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the polar amino acid.

    <p>Cysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the non-polar amino acid.

    <p>Glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the non-polar amino acid.

    <p>Alanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the non polar amino acid.

    <p>Valine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the non-polar amino acid.

    <p>Isoleucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the non-polar amino acid.

    <p>Phenylalanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the non-polar amino acid.

    <p>Tryptophan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the non-polar amino acid.

    <p>Methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the non-polar amino acid.

    <p>Proline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    3NA+ ______ (into/out) of the ______ (cytosol/mitochondria) 2K+ _________ (into/out) of the _______ (cytosol, mitochondria)

    Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleosomes are composed of ____ (42/143/147) base pairs.

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    The highly regulated enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis is______? (Mutase/HMG CoA reductase/Reductase)

    Insulin (activates/inhibits) this enzyme. Glucagon (activates/inhibits) this enzyme.

    High intracellular cholesterol levels will (increase/decrease) the transcription of this enzyme

    Note: list all responses with commas followed by a space (ex: out, in, cytosol, EFC) Answers are case sensitive, so write them out as you see them.

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    Osmolality refers to the concentration of dissolved particles such as chemicals, minerals, and ions in the blood. A normal serum osmolality range is approximately 275 to 295 mOsm/kg. Which of the following situations would result in fluid moving into the cell?

    <p>285mOsm/kg cell in a 100mOsm/kg solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

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