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Questions and Answers
What is the primary duty of citizens as outlined in the Philippine Constitution?
Which act mandates all citizens, regardless of gender, to fulfill civic duty through the NSTP?
Which components was removed from the NSTP by President Corazon Aquino in 1986?
Which law was established in 1991 that indicated a change in how military service was handled in relation to other components?
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What major change occurred in the NSTP with the introduction of Republic Act # 9163 in 2002?
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What transformation occurred to the Civic Welfare Service under Republic Act # 9163?
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What year did President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo enact the law that led to the creation of the NSTP?
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What is the primary aim of the National Service Training Program (NSTP)?
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Which component of the NSTP is primarily focused on military training?
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What kind of service does the term National Service refer to?
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Who is not required to take the NSTP course?
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Which of the following is not one of the NSTP components?
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What is emphasized through the NSTP for incoming first-year college students?
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Which group is exempt from taking the NSTP during their incumbency?
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What is the purpose of cross-enrollment in the NSTP?
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What is the role of the government concerning the citizens in the context of NSTP?
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Which service focuses on improving health, education, and environment?
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Which of the following is not included as a coverage for NSTP?
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Which institution is exempt from the NSTP requirement?
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What is the main educational focus of the Literacy Training Service (LTS)?
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What does clustering refer to in the context of NSTP?
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What is the purpose of the common module phase in the ROTC program?
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Which of the following subjects is NOT covered in the common module phase?
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What does a positive self-paradigm help an individual to achieve?
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How many hours of training are required during the common module phase for first-year students?
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Which is NOT one of the dimensions of self-concept?
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What is the goal of citizenship training in the context provided?
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What is a major effect of negative self-paradigms?
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Which habit in the Seven Habits emphasizes being proactive?
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What does self-image mainly reflect?
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What is one common root that can affect self-confidence negatively?
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How does Johari's Window categorize personal awareness?
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What is the focus of the Independence stage in the Maturity Continuum?
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What principle is highlighted as a crucial component for effective personal development?
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What is the primary purpose of empathic listening?
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Which of the following illustrates a synergy in teamwork?
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Which dimension does the 'Soul' refer to in the context of personal renewal?
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What is meant by 'servant leadership'?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of good citizenship?
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What does the term 'higher way' refer to in the context of teamwork?
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Which of the following best describes the 'physical dimension' in personal renewal?
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What is the significance of 'listening with your eyes, heart, and ears'?
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Which quality is NOT a principle of servant leadership?
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What does it mean to 'find your voice' in the context of personal effectiveness?
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What is the result of practicing effective empathy in communication?
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What is the primary difference between reactive and proactive individuals?
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Which of the following roles in a team is characterized as 'innovators'?
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Which habit emphasizes the importance of having a clear vision for one's life?
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What does the term 'self-awareness' refer to in the context of personal leadership?
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In the context of teamwork, what does a 'harmonizer' do?
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Which of the following describes the 'Procrastinator' quadrant?
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What is a key characteristic of a 'Win-Win' mindset?
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What is meant by the phrase 'Put it in Pen'?
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Which type of person is likely to prioritize other people's problems over their own?
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What does 'Momentous Moments' refer to in goal setting?
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What does the 'Quadrant of Excellence' refer to in time management?
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How does one best overcome peer pressure according to the content?
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What is the outcome of excessive time spent in the 'Slacker' category?
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Which habit is critical for effective communication and influence?
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What is one major limitation of a Lose-Win attitude?
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What is the primary goal of drug demand reduction initiatives?
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Which component is NOT part of the drug demand reduction strategy?
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How does regional and international cooperation aid in anti-drug efforts?
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Which of the following actions is part of the counter actions individuals can take against substance abuse?
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What does civic awareness aim to achieve in drug prevention efforts?
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Which right is explicitly guaranteed by the Bill of Rights?
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What signifies the display of the Philippine flag in times of war?
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What does the term 'non-detainment by reason of political beliefs' refer to?
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Which of the following acts is prohibited by RA 8491?
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According to the principles of development, what is the 'capacity to do' primarily concerned with?
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What is one of the stated objectives of gender and development mainstreaming?
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What does the Philippine flag symbolize?
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What is one of the rights of a person under custodial investigation?
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Which of the following is NOT a prohibited act concerning the Philippine flag?
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Who was responsible for the conceptualization of the Philippine flag?
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Which provision guarantees equal protection of laws?
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What does 'capacity to be' encompass?
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When should the flag be displayed at half-mast?
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What is the primary purpose of a constitution?
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What is a preamble in the context of a constitution?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a good citizenship value derived from the preamble?
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What does the National Motto 'Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa' emphasize?
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Which of the following is a qualified voter in the Philippine elections?
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Which of the following people would NOT be allowed to vote in the Philippines?
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What are 'flying voters' in the context of election irregularities?
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What does the Bill of Rights protect?
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Which of the following is an example of an election practice that citizens should be cautious about?
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What is the main responsibility of a voter during elections?
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What does the concept of 'pagkamaka-tao' refer to in Filipino values?
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Which one of these is a responsibility of qualified citizens concerning the right of suffrage?
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Why is good citizenship important for Filipino children?
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What is the significance of the Filipino phrase 'maka-Diyos' in citizenship?
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What is the main goal of the precautionary principle in environmental protection?
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What does the principle of intergenerational equity emphasize?
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Which of the following best describes drug abuse?
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What is the primary difference between drug dependence and drug habitualization?
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Which statement best illustrates the no-harm principle?
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How are regulated drugs defined in the context of drug control?
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Which principle focuses on preventing environmental damage before it occurs?
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What is the purpose of sustainable development?
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What distinguishes hallucinogens from other drug categories?
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Which of the following substances is categorized as a stimulant?
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What is the key characteristic of drug misuse?
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What is one effect of sedative drugs?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of drug addiction?
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What is a common psychological effect of inhalants when inhaled?
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Which drug is most widely used according to the global drug situation reported in 2015?
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What demographic factor is most common among drug abusers in the Philippines based on facility-based profiles?
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What is the primary focus of the public health policy approach to drug use?
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Which substance is primarily associated with 'mono drug-use' in drug abusers in the Philippines?
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Which of the following strategies is part of the drug supply reduction component?
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What is a significant consequence of large doses of opioids like morphine?
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Which psychoactive substance is linked to the negative effects of malnutrition as a result of use?
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What does the Philippine Drug Situation primarily aim to protect?
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What type of user predominates among those profiling drug users in facilities regarding their employment status?
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What is a commonly observed behavioral change in people abusing drugs?
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What is one of the challenges faced by drug supply in the Philippines?
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Which of the following options describes a method of addressing drug abuse treatment gaps?
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What condition is commonly linked to disturbances in memory due to drug abuse?
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What kind of substances are often included in the new psychoactive substances (NPS)?
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What does gender refer to in the context of social roles?
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What is gender mainstreaming primarily concerned with?
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Which goal is NOT part of environmental education?
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Which of the following is a key component of environmental education objectives?
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What is the primary purpose of Republic Act 9512?
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Which of the following is a significant environmental challenge in the Philippines?
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The goal of gender and development is to achieve what?
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What factor has contributed significantly to the decline of the Philippine environment?
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What does the strategy of gender mainstreaming NOT aim to do?
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What is one of the key issues related to water in the Philippines?
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Environmental education aims to achieve which of these objectives?
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Which of the following best describes the impact of human migration on the environment?
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Which of the following activities promotes green initiatives in the Philippines?
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An essential characteristic of gender and development mainstreaming is to?
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A person with high self-esteem believes what?
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What does 'unknown' mean in Johari's Window?
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According to Covey, what becomes our life centers?
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Which of the following options best defines a habit?
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When was the NSTP signed into law?
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How long was the training period of the common module phase?
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Study Notes
The National Service Training Program (NSTP) Law
- The Philippine Constitution mandates all citizens to render personal military or civil service for the defense of the state.
- The NSTP Act of 2001 (RA 9163) requires all Filipino citizens, male and female, to fulfill this civic duty.
- National Service contributes to national security, development and welfare.
- NSTP encompasses three components: Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), Literacy Training Service (LTS), and Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS).
- All components prioritize citizenship training, instilling patriotism, moral values, respect for civilian rights, and adherence to the Constitution.
- Incoming first-year college students undergo a one-day orientation on the NSTP components before enrollment.
Guiding Principles
- Responsibility of all citizens to defend the security of the state.
- The government is responsible for serving and protecting its citizens.
- The youth are vital for nation-building, and the state aims to:
- Promote civic consciousness.
- Develop their physical, moral, spiritual, and social well-being.
- Inculcate ideals of patriotism and nationalism.
- Foster their involvement in public and civic affairs.
- The youth are considered the most valuable resource of the nation.
Definitions
- National Service Training Program (NSTP): Enhances civic consciousness and defense preparedness in youth through training in the three program components.
- National Service: Civic consciousness and defense preparedness service rendered by all Filipinos.
- Program Components: ROTC, CWTS, LTS, and other programs approved by CHED, TESDA, and DND.
- Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC): Provides military training to tertiary-level students for national defense preparedness.
- Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS): Contributes to the general welfare and betterment of communities through health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation, and moral improvement initiatives.
- Literacy Training Service (LTS): Trains students to become non-licensed instructors for functional literacy and numeracy skills for diverse segments of society.
- Clustering: Grouping of students in different schools taking the same NSTP component into one group managed by a designated TESDA or CHED school.
- Cross-Enrollment: Permits students enrolled in one school to enroll in the NSTP component of another school.
Coverage & Exemptions
- All incoming first-year baccalaureate degree or two-year TVET program students in public and private institutions must complete one NSTP component for graduation.
- Exemptions include:
- Students who have finished their NSTP requirement and are pursuing another baccalaureate degree or TVET program.
- Students who have completed any NSTP component and have transferred or shifted programs or institutions.
- All Sangguniang Kabataan officials, elected or appointed, during their incumbency.
- Foreign students or aliens.
- The Philippine Military Academy (PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA), Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA), Maritime Academy for Asia and Pacific (MAAP), and other HEIs with similar nature are exempted.
NSTP Course Offering
- All HEIs, including SUCs, LUCs, and TVIs, must offer at least one NSTP component.
- SUCs must offer the ROTC component, with both Basic and Advance ROTC programs in all constituent universities or campuses.
- Clustering applies when ROTC cadet enrollment in private institutions is less than 350.
- The DND provides additional training for volunteer prospective Advance ROTC cadets.
Common Module Phase
- First-semester first-year students undergo a 25-hour common module phase.
- Subjects include citizenship training, drug education, disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM), environmental protection, and national security concerns.
Citizenship Training
-
Self-concept:
- Conscious and unconscious perceptions and feelings about oneself, influencing self-worth.
- Low self-concept: Feeling of little or no worth, unhappiness with oneself.
- High self-concept: Feeling of self-worth and contentment with oneself.
-
Paradigm:
- A worldview, point of view, frame of reference, or belief.
- Influences self-perception and interactions with others.
- Types: Paradigm of self, paradigm of others, and paradigm of life.
-
Three dimensions of self-concept:
- Self-image: Perceptions and feelings about physical and social appearance.
- Self-confidence: Beliefs about capabilities and potential.
- Self-esteem: Feelings of lovability and worthiness of love and acceptance.
-
Johari's Window:
- Open: Known to self and others.
- Blind: Not known to self but known to others.
- Hidden: Known to self but not known to others.
- Unknown: Not known to self or others.
-
Principles:
- Enduring, permanent guidelines for human conduct with proven value.
- Examples: honesty, moderation, fairness, integrity, loyalty, and responsibility.
-
Habit:
- Recurrent pattern of behavior acquired through repetition.
- Reflects established disposition of the mind or character.
- Changing habits requires commitment, knowledge, skill, and desire.
The Seven Habits and the 8th Habit
- The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People promote a principle-centered paradigm.
- The habits are a process of personal growth and development.
-
Habit 1: Be Proactive:
- Taking responsibility for your life and choices.
- Choosing actions based on values, and not solely on external stimuli.
-
Habit 2: Begin with the End in Mind:
- Defining your goals and values.
- Creating a personal vision and a plan to achieve it.
-
Habit 3: Put First Things First:
- Prioritizing tasks and managing time effectively.
- Saying "yes" to your most important things and "no" to less important ones.
-
Habit 4: Think Win-Win:
- Seeking mutually beneficial solutions in which everyone wins.
- Embracing an attitude of collaboration and cooperation.
-
Habit 5: Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood:
- Listening empathetically to others and understanding their perspectives.
- Communicating effectively based on mutual respect.
-
Habit 6: Synergize:
- Working together to achieve greater results than individually.
- Valuing diversity and leveraging differences.
-
Habit 7: Sharpen the Saw:
- Renewing yourself physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually.
- Maintaining well-being and balance in all areas of life.
-
The 8th Habit:
- Find Your Voice and Inspire Others.
- Discovering your passion and using it to make a positive contribution to the world.
Think Win-Win
- Seeking to understand before being understood is the key to effective communication.
- Empathic listening is the highest form of listening, requiring the ability to understand another person's emotions.
- Genuine listening requires using eyes, heart, and ears: 7% of communication is words, 53% body language, and 40% tone.
Synergy
- Synergy is creative cooperation where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
- It's not about compromising or cooperating, but finding a better way.
- To achieve synergy, define the problem, listen to others, explain your way, brainstorm, and find the best solution.
Sharpen the Saw
- Sharpening the saw is about renewing and strengthening personal dimensions: body, brain, heart, and soul.
Find Your Voice
- The 8th habit is about finding your voice and inspiring others to find theirs.
- Discover your voice by understanding your true nature and potential.
- Three key gifts: freedom to choose, universal natural laws, and four intelligences (mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual).
Leadership and Good Citizenship
- Leadership is the potential for individual success and a key driver for teamwork.
- As nation-builders, the youth should develop leadership potential, service ethics, and teamwork skills.
- Leadership involves guiding, directing, and motivating others for achieving organizational goals.
- Servant leadership prioritizes serving others and promoting good citizenship through shared power and decision-making.
Citizenship Values
- The 1987 Philippine Constitution outlines 16 good citizenship values: faith in God, unity, patriotism, work, respect for life, respect for law and government, truth, promoting the common good, concern for family and future generations, concern for the environment, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace.
- These values should be reflected in outward behavior, decision-making, and personal values development.
- The National Motto, "Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa," embodies these values.
Right of Suffrage
- The right to vote is a privilege and responsibility of Filipino citizens.
- Qualifications include: being a Filipino citizen, 18 years old or older, residing in the Philippines for one year, and residing in the city/municipality for at least six months before the election.
- Disqualifications include: imprisonment for not less than one year, final judgment for crimes against national security, being declared insane or incompetent, and others outlined by law.
Bill of Rights
- The Bill of Rights protects fundamental civil and political rights of individuals against violations by the government.
- Article 3 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution enumerates these rights: Right to life, liberty, and property, right against unreasonable searches and seizures, right of privacy, freedom of expression, religious freedom, liberty of abode and travel, right to information, right to form associations, right to just compensation for expropriated property, non-impairment clause, right to free access to courts, rights of person under custodial investigation, right to bail, constitutional rights of the accused, privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, right to speedy disposition of cases, right against self-incrimination, non-detention by reason of political beliefs, right against involuntary servitude, right against oppressive penalty, non-imprisonment for debt or poll tax, right against double jeopardy, right against bills of attainder and ex post facto laws.
Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines
- Republic Act No. 8491 mandates respect for the Philippine flag, anthem, motto, coat-of-arms, and other national symbols.
- The Philippine flag symbolizes the country's unity, ideals, and heritage.
- Displaying the flag with the blue field on top signifies peace, while the red field on top indicates war.
- The flag is permanently hoisted in front of designated government buildings and historical sites.
- Prohibited acts include defacing, ridiculing, or using the flag for commercial purposes.
- Half-mast signifies mourning for specific officials.
Gender and Development Mainstreaming
- Development includes economic growth, modernization, and improving people's well-being.
- It focuses on people's participation, empowerment, and meeting basic needs.
- Gender and Development (GAD) recognizes gender equality as a fundamental value.
- Gender mainstreaming is an approach to development that integrates women’s concerns and experiences into all political, economic, and social agendas to achieve gender equality.
- It aims to eliminate gender bias in policies and programs.
Environmental Education
- Environmental education recognizes values, clarifies concepts, and develops skills and attitudes necessary to understand and appreciate the relationship between humans, culture, and the environment.
Goals of Environmental Education
- Environmental education aims to cultivate awareness of the interrelationship between economic, social, political, and ecological aspects in both urban and rural areas.
- It emphasizes providing opportunities to acquire knowledge, values, attitudes, commitment, and skills essential for environmental protection and improvement.
- Environmental education seeks to establish new behavioral patterns in individuals, groups, and society as a whole towards the environment.
Objectives of Environmental Education
- Awareness: Promote an understanding and sensitivity towards the environment and its related issues among social groups and individuals.
- Knowledge: Equip social groups and individuals with experiences and fundamental knowledge about the environment and its associated problems.
- Attitudes: Foster a set of environmental values, feelings of concern, and motivation for actively participating in environmental protection and improvement.
- Skills: Develop skills for identifying and resolving environmental problems within social groups and individuals.
- Participation: Offer opportunities for social groups and individuals to actively engage at all levels in addressing environmental issues.
Republic Act 9512 (Environmental Education Act of 2008)
- Mandates the Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED), and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) to lead the implementation of public education and awareness programs on environmental protection and conservation.
- These programs are to be implemented in collaboration with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), and other relevant agencies at all levels.
Executive Order 579 (Environmental Education and Promotion of Green Philippines Activities)
- Encourages the development of a new quality of life that focuses on maintaining a young and beautiful nation.
- Stipulates that all students enrolled in the National Service Training Program (NSTP), Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), Literacy Training Services (LTS), and Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) should participate in "Green Philippines Activities."
Examples of Green Philippines Activities:
- Reforestation efforts.
- Beautification of barangays and cities.
- Development of urban parks and recreation areas.
- Water purification initiatives.
Philippine Environmental Problems
- The Philippine environment is experiencing a crisis.
- Human activities are leading to a drastic decline in the country's rich landscapes.
- Deforestation and the threat of extinction to 23% of endemic species are pressing issues.
- Deteriorating environmental quality negatively impacts human health and well-being, lowering the quality of life and resulting in productivity loss.
- Industrialization has significantly contributed to the increase in environmental problems.
- Water pollution from commercial and domestic activities, water scarcity, conversion of forest land, transportation demands, and industrial growth contribute to worsening air pollution.
- Natural disasters highlight the urgent need to enhance efforts for environmental protection and rehabilitation.
Right to the Environment
- The Right to the Environment is a fundamental right of every person and doesn't require explicit mention in the Constitution, as it has been inherent since the beginning of humankind.
- In the Philippine Constitution, environmental protection is outlined in the Declaration of State Policies under Article II, rather than in the Bill of Rights under Article III.
- This right is recognized as absolute and equally important as other rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights.
Principles of the Right to the Environment:
- No-Harm Principle: States are responsible for not causing harm outside their national jurisdiction, even if their activities have transboundary implications.
- Principle of Prevention: Environmental damage should be prevented before it occurs or when potential damage is critical and irreversible. Early action is crucial to reduce pollution.
- Precautionary Principle: In the face of serious and irreversible environmental threats, lack of scientific certainty should not delay cost-effective preventive measures.
- Sustainable Development: This principle addresses the need to balance development with environmental protection. Resources should be exploited sustainably while protecting the environment for future generations.
- Intergenerational Equity: Each generation has the responsibility to leave behind an inheritance of wealth no less than what they received. It emphasizes the importance of preserving ecological balance for future generations.
Drug and Substance Abuse: Basic Knowledge
- According to the World Health Organization, a drug is any substance that modifies functions in a living organism when ingested.
- It also defines a drug as an absorbed substance that alters structure or function in a living organism.
Addiction Terminology:
- Use: Proper intake of medication according to prescription instructions.
- Abuse: Purposeful intake of a drug to achieve a high, often by exceeding recommended dosages.
- Addiction: Recurrent use of a drug or harmful substance, regardless of consequences.
- Misuse: Accidental or unhealthy use of medication, such as taking the wrong dosage.
Drug Misuse and Drug Abuse:
- Drug misuse: Using a drug to fulfill a need that the drug cannot pharmacologically address.
- Drug abuse: Use of any substance, legal or illegal, leading to physical, mental, or social impairment.
Classification of Drugs under Control:
- Prohibited Drugs: Drugs causing narcotic effects or relieving pain and inducing sleep.
- Regulated Drugs: Self-inducing sedatives like barbiturates, amphetamine-like drugs, hypnotics, and other compounds producing similar psychological effects.
Drug Dependence, Addiction, and Habitualization:
- Drug dependence: A state of psychological or physical dependence, or both, on a dangerous drug, developed through regular use.
- Drug addiction: A chronic state of intoxication caused by repeated drug use, detrimental to the individual and society.
- Drug habitualization: A continuous desire for a drug but with the ability to physically refrain from using it.
Types of Commonly Abused Drugs/Substances:
- Stimulants: Increase alertness, physical disposition, suppress appetite, combat fatigue (examples: amphetamine, methamphetamine, caffeine, nicotine).
- Hallucinogens: Affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, emotion. Cause changes in time and space perception, delusions, and hallucinations (examples: LSD, mescaline, marijuana).
- Sedatives: Reduce anxiety and excitement, induce sleep (examples: tranquilizers, alcohol, valium).
- Narcotics: Relieve pain, induce sleep. Large doses can cause stupor, coma, and death (examples: opium, morphine, codeine, heroine).
- Inhalants: Contain psychoactive vapors, producing intoxication (examples: rugby, solvents).
- Anabolic Steroids: Enhance physical and mental performance, develop muscles (examples: dianabol).
Global Drug Situation:
- Based on the World Drug Report 2017, the drug issue continues to threaten global security.
- Nearly a quarter of a billion people (around 5% of the global adult population) used drugs in 2015.
- Approximately 29.5 million drug users (0.6% of global adult population) suffer from drug use disorders.
- In 2015, cannabis was the most widely used drug (183 million users), followed by amphetamines and prescription stimulants (37 million), opioids (35 million), ecstasy (22 million), opiates (18 million), and cocaine (17 million).
- The global market for methamphetamine is expanding.
- Lack of access to drug treatment services remains a global issue, especially for vulnerable populations like women and children.
Drug Policies:
- Criminal Prohibition Approach: Treats illicit drug use as a criminal offense, using the criminal justice system for enforcement and heavy penalties.
- Public Health Policy Approach: Views illicit drug use as a chronic medical condition, applying a public health perspective. Clinical interventions and harm reduction strategies are implemented to mitigate societal impact.
Philippine Drug Situation:
- The Philippines has Republic Act No. 9165 (“Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002”) which aims to protect the country's integrity and well-being of its citizens, particularly the youth, from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs.
Profile of Drug Abusers in the Philippines (Facility Based):
- Mean Age: 31 years old
- Sex Ratio (Male to Female): 10:1
- Civil Status: Single (53.52%)
- Employment Status: Unemployed (45.96%)
- Educational Level: High School Level (27.32%)
- Average Monthly Family Income: P12,337.57
- Place of Residence: Urban (NCR 43.31%)
- Duration of Drug Use: More than 6 years
- Nature of Drug Use: Mono Drug-Use
- Drugs/Substances of Abuse: Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu), Cannabis (Marijuana), Contact Cement (Rugby)
Illicit Drug Production and Trafficking in the Philippines:
- The Philippines has become a target market for illicit drugs produced abroad.
- Methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu) is smuggled into the country through airports, seaports, and mail and parcel services due to its porous borders and long coastlines.
- The key challenges in drug supply include the emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the proliferation of methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu) targeting young people.
- New concealment methods and marketing strategies, like drug mules and trafficking of precursor chemicals, add to these challenges.
- Addressing drug demand requires expanding access to services, addressing advocacy and treatment gaps to sustain drug-free communities.
- This includes establishing community-based services and providing a comprehensive continuum of care for people who use drugs.
- Institutionalizing community-level interventions and ensuring wider access to appropriate and holistic services based on the biopsychosocial treatment model are essential.
Signs, Effects, and Preventive Measures against Drug Abuse:
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Observable Signs and Symptoms:
- Changes in Behavior: Increased secrecy, mood swings, withdrawal from social activities, neglecting responsibilities, changes in sleep patterns, change in personal hygiene, increased risk-taking behaviors, aggressive or violent conduct, isolation, difficulty concentrating.
- Changes in Appearance: Red or bloodshot eyes, dilated pupils, loss of appetite, weight loss or gain, skin problems, tremors or shaking, slurred speech, disheveled appearance, unsteady gait.
- Changes in Mood: Euphoria, anxiety, depression, irritability, paranoia, confusion, agitation, increased energy levels, difficulty controlling emotions.
- Changes in Interest: Loss of interest in hobbies, activities, school, work, relationships, decreased motivation, and engagement in risky behaviors.
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Patterns of Drug Abuse:
- Experimental Use: Trying a drug once or a few times out of curiosity.
- Occasional Use: Using a drug occasionally, perhaps on weekends or special occasions.
- Harmful Use: Using a drug in a way that causes harm to oneself or others, including physical or mental health issues.
- Dependence: A strong craving for a drug, needing it to function, leading to withdrawal symptoms if not taken.
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Common Causes of Drug Abuse:
- Membership in a "Barkada" (peer pressure).
- Overuse of prescription medications.
- Curiosity about drugs.
- Frustration or coping with difficult life situations.
- Being a victim of drug pushers.
- Removal of inhibitions.
- Boredom.
- Ignorance about the effects of drugs.
- Easy access to drugs.
- Influence of mass media.
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Effects of Drug Abuse:
- Mental Health: Disturbance in perception (hallucinations), disturbance in orientation (disorientation), disturbance in memory (poor memory), disturbance in judgment (delusions).
- Physical Health: Cardiac (heart) pathology, pulmonary (lung) illness, hepatic (liver) problems, renal (kidney) disease, malnutrition, infections, blood-transmitted diseases, accidents.
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Strategies to Address Drug Problems:
- The Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy Statement aims to achieve drug-free communities by 2022 through:
- Strong law enforcement with emphasis on human rights.
- Comprehensive demand reduction initiatives.
- Strong international partnerships.
- The Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy Statement aims to achieve drug-free communities by 2022 through:
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Strategies to Address Drug Problem:
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Component 1: Drug Supply Reduction:
- Market denial operations.
- Prevention of drug diversion from legal to illegal markets.
- Reduction of illegal drug proliferation through sustainable alternative development programs.
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Component 2: Drug Demand Reduction:
- Policy formulation.
- Preventive education.
- Treatment and rehabilitation.
- Research.
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Component 1: Drug Supply Reduction:
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Drug Supply Reduction:
- Intensified intelligence-driven operations.
- Arrest of high-level drug personalities.
- Enhancing inter-agency collaboration.
- Strengthening efforts at drug entry points to deter smuggling.
- Regional and international cooperation.
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Drug Demand Reduction:
- Conducting national anti-drug advocacy campaigns.
- Close coordination with anti-drug abuse councils.
- Supporting community-based drug rehabilitation programs.
- Intensifying information dissemination to promote a stigma-free campaign and assist people who use drugs.
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Drug Supply and Drug Demand Reduction:
- Civic Awareness and Response: Promoting public awareness and social response to the drug problem.
- Regional and International Cooperation: Fostering cooperation with regional and international agencies in addressing drug issues.
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Counteractions of Individual Citizens (like Students) against Substance Abuse:
- Be Informed: Educate yourself about the risks and effects of drug use.
- Love Yourself: Prioritize your well-being and make healthy choices.
- Talk: Seek advice and support from trusted individuals and professionals.
- Look for Alternatives: Find healthy ways to cope with stress, boredom, or peer pressure.
- Be Proactive: Take initiative and advocate for positive change in your community.
- Seek Advice and Help: Reach out for assistance from professionals, including counselors, therapists, or support groups.
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