C Programming Conditional Operator

Output of Code Snippets

• When x is 3 in the first code block, the output is "Less than or equal to 5".
• When x is 8 in the second code block, the output is "Greater than 5".
• When y is 0 in the third code block, the output is "Zero".
• When y is 4 in the fourth code block, the output is "Non-zero".
• When z is 12 in the fifth code block, the output is "Greater than 10".
• When z is 8 in the sixth code block, the output is "Less than or equal to 10".
• When x is 5 in the seventh code block, the output is "Five".
• When x is 3 in the eighth code block, the output is "Not Five".

Security Risks in Code

• Directly inserting user input into a format string can lead to format string vulnerabilities, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary code or read memory.

Memory Management Functions

• The free() function is used to deallocate memory that was previously allocated, preventing memory leaks.
• A pointer that references freed memory is known as a "dangling pointer".
• calloc() allocates memory for an array and initializes all bytes to zero, providing a safer initialization option compared to malloc().

Debugging Concepts

• Using printf() statements for debugging allows developers to track variable values at different execution stages, making it easier to pinpoint errors.
• Tools like Valgrind are specifically designed to detect memory leaks and errors during program execution.

Consequences of Memory Mismanagement

• Forgetting to free() allocated memory can lead to memory leaks, which consume system resources and potentially degrade performance.
• Unreleased memory that is no longer needed is termed as "memory leak".

Benefits of Code Review

• The primary benefit of performing a code review is to identify bugs and improve code quality by leveraging collective knowledge and different perspectives.

Debugging Tool Purpose

• The primary purpose of using gdb (GNU Debugger) is to allow developers to examine and control the execution of their program, enabling step-by-step debugging to isolate issues.