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Questions and Answers
What is the output of the following code: if (x > 5) {puts("Greater than 5");} else {puts("Less than or equal to 5");} if x is 3?
What is the output of the following code: puts(x > 5? "Greater than 5" : "Less than or equal to 5"); if x is 8?
What is the output of the following code: if (y == 0) {puts("Zero");} else {puts("Non-zero");} if y is 0?
What is the output of the following code: puts(y == 0? "Zero" : "Non-zero"); if y is 4?
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What is the output of the following code: if (z > 10) {puts("Greater than 10");} else {puts("Less than or equal to 10");} if z is 12?
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What is the output of the following code: puts(z > 10? "Greater than 10" : "Less than or equal to 10"); if z is 8?
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What is the output of the following code: if (x == 5) {puts("Five");} else {puts("Not Five");} if x is 5?
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What is the output of the following code: puts(x == 5? "Five" : "Not Five"); if x is 3?
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What is the primary security risk of directly inserting user input into a format string?
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What is the purpose of the free() function in memory management?
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What is the term for a pointer that points to memory that has already been freed?
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What is the main advantage of using printf() statements for debugging?
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Which debugging tool is specifically designed to detect memory leaks and errors?
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What is the purpose of calloc() in memory management?
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What is the primary consequence of forgetting to free() allocated memory?
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What is the term for unreleased memory that is no longer needed?
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What is the primary benefit of performing a code review?
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What is the primary purpose of using gdb for debugging?
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Study Notes
Output of Code Snippets
- When
xis 3 in the first code block, the output is "Less than or equal to 5". - When
xis 8 in the second code block, the output is "Greater than 5". - When
yis 0 in the third code block, the output is "Zero". - When
yis 4 in the fourth code block, the output is "Non-zero". - When
zis 12 in the fifth code block, the output is "Greater than 10". - When
zis 8 in the sixth code block, the output is "Less than or equal to 10". - When
xis 5 in the seventh code block, the output is "Five". - When
xis 3 in the eighth code block, the output is "Not Five".
Security Risks in Code
- Directly inserting user input into a format string can lead to format string vulnerabilities, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary code or read memory.
Memory Management Functions
- The
free()function is used to deallocate memory that was previously allocated, preventing memory leaks. - A pointer that references freed memory is known as a "dangling pointer".
-
calloc()allocates memory for an array and initializes all bytes to zero, providing a safer initialization option compared tomalloc().
Debugging Concepts
- Using
printf()statements for debugging allows developers to track variable values at different execution stages, making it easier to pinpoint errors. - Tools like Valgrind are specifically designed to detect memory leaks and errors during program execution.
Consequences of Memory Mismanagement
- Forgetting to
free()allocated memory can lead to memory leaks, which consume system resources and potentially degrade performance. - Unreleased memory that is no longer needed is termed as "memory leak".
Benefits of Code Review
- The primary benefit of performing a code review is to identify bugs and improve code quality by leveraging collective knowledge and different perspectives.
Debugging Tool Purpose
- The primary purpose of using
gdb(GNU Debugger) is to allow developers to examine and control the execution of their program, enabling step-by-step debugging to isolate issues.
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Description
Learn about the conditional operator in C programming, a ternary operator that takes three operands to form a conditional expression. Understand how it works and how it's related to the if...else statement. Test your knowledge with this quiz!
