BYU Bio 130 Exam 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are chemical bonds?

  • Forces that separate atoms in a molecule
  • Forces that only affect electrons
  • Forces that hold atoms together in a molecule (correct)
  • Forces only present in ionic compounds

What is a covalent bond?

A chemical bond in which electrons are shared.

What is an ionic bond?

A chemical bond between ions, where one or more electrons have been transferred.

What is a hydrogen bond?

<p>A chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom is shared between two electronegative atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solute?

<p>A molecule dissolved in a liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solvent?

<p>The liquid in which the molecule is dissolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a theory in scientific terms.

<p>An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fact?

<p>A piece of information provided objectively, presented as true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis?

<p>A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the theory of evolution?

<p>The best scientific explanation for both the unity and diversity of life, proposed by Charles Darwin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phylogenetics?

<p>The analysis of evolutionary, or ancestral, relationships between taxa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is natural selection?

<p>A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a positive control?

<p>A group expected to have a positive result, allowing the researcher to show that the experimental setup was capable of producing results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define potential energy.

<p>Energy stored due to an object's position or arrangement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are valence electrons?

<p>The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom involved in forming bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the octet rule?

<p>States that atoms lose, gain, or share electrons to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a molecule?

<p>A group of atoms bonded together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a polar molecule.

<p>A molecule with partial charges that mixes with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a non-polar molecule.

<p>A molecule with equal sharing of electrons and no partial charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is specific heat?

<p>The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hydrophobic mean?

<p>Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hydrophilic mean?

<p>Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define amphipathic molecules.

<p>Molecules that have regions that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polymer?

<p>A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monomer?

<p>The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define dehydration reaction.

<p>A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

<p>A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a protein?

<p>An organic compound made of one or more chains of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are amino acids?

<p>Building blocks of protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an enantiomer?

<p>Isomers that are mirror images of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are isomers?

<p>Same atoms but arranged differently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define kinetic energy.

<p>Energy of motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

<p>Energy cannot be created or destroyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

<p>Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an exergonic reaction?

<p>Chemical reactions that release energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an endergonic reaction?

<p>A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define equilibrium.

<p>A state of balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is catalysis?

<p>The action of a catalyst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a catalyst?

<p>A substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are enzymes?

<p>Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is activation energy?

<p>The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the theory of chemical evolution?

<p>Simple molecules became more complex, leading to the formation of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleotides?

<p>The building blocks of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleobases?

<p>Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine, Guanine, and Adenine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an activated nucleotide?

<p>A nucleoside 5′-monophosphate possessing a leaving group that provides energy for forming higher oligonucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gel electrophoresis?

<p>Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by applying an electrical voltage to a gel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA?

<p>A complex molecule containing genetic information that makes up chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is RNA?

<p>A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers; usually single-stranded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 5' to 3' refer to in DNA replication?

<p>Polymerase replicates DNA only from the 5' end to the 3' end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard error of the mean?

<p>SD/√n.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is standard deviation?

<p>A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two underlying theories of biology?

<p>Cell theory and the theory of evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are fatty acids?

<p>Monomers of lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleotides?

<p>Monomers of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are monosaccharides?

<p>The monomers of carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lipids?

<p>Polymers of fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins?

<p>Polymers of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleic acids?

<p>Polymers of nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are carbohydrates?

<p>Polymers of monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP?

<p>The main energy source that cells use for most of their work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lipid?

<p>Energy-rich organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a carbohydrate?

<p>A compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio C:2H:O.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monosaccharide?

<p>A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polysaccharide?

<p>A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a glycoprotein?

<p>A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a steroid?

<p>A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phospholipid?

<p>A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

<p>Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

<p>A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the aid of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passive transport?

<p>Movement of substances through a cell membrane without the use of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport?

<p>An energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

<p>Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does isotonic mean?

<p>Having the same solute concentration as another solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prokaryote?

<p>A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a plasmid?

<p>A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a eukaryote?

<p>A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cell membrane?

<p>A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleus?

<p>A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a ribosome?

<p>Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized and calcium levels are regulated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>System of membranes within the cytoplasm that functions in transport of substances such as proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Golgi apparatus?

<p>A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lysosome?

<p>A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a peroxisome?

<p>A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen to oxygen, producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a vacuole?

<p>Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mitochondria?

<p>Organelles where biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chloroplast?

<p>A plastid that contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis takes place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an extracellular matrix?

<p>The substance in which cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cytoskeleton?

<p>A network of fibers that holds the cell together and aids in movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is actin?

<p>A globular protein that links into chains forming microfilaments in muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are microtubules?

<p>Hollow rods composed of tubulin proteins that make up part of the cytoskeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are centrioles?

<p>Minute cylindrical organelles near the nucleus involved in cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia?

<p>Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane used for locomotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are flagella?

<p>Long, whip-like filaments that help in cell motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cell wall?

<p>A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are plasmodesmata?

<p>Open channels in the cell wall of plants connecting adjacent cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are tight junctions?

<p>Forms a seal between cells preventing movement of substances across the cell layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of junction is a tight junction?

<p>Occluding junction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gap junction?

<p>Hydrophilic pores allowing direct passage of ions and particles between adjacent cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemical Bonds

  • Chemical Bonds: Forces holding atoms together in a molecule.
  • Covalent Bond: Atoms share electrons.
  • Ionic Bond: Involves transfer of one or more electrons between ions.
  • Hydrogen Bond: A hydrogen atom is shared between two electronegative atoms (usually O or N).

Solutions and Reactions

  • Solute: Molecule dissolved in liquid.
  • Solvent: Liquid in which the solute is dissolved.
  • Dehydration Reaction: Two molecules bond with the removal of water.
  • Hydrolysis Reaction: Breaks apart a larger molecule by adding water.

Biological Theories and Concepts

  • Theory: Integrated set of principles that explains and predicts events.
  • Fact: Objective piece of information presented as true.
  • Hypothesis: Proposed, testable explanation for an observation.
  • Theory of Evolution: Explains unity and diversity of life; introduced by Charles Darwin.

Evolutionary Concepts

  • Phylogenetics: Analysis of evolutionary relationships between taxa.
  • Natural Selection: Process where individuals with advantageous traits reproduce more effectively.

Energy and Stability

  • Potential Energy: Energy stored due to an object's position.
  • Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.
  • 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
  • 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Energy transfer increases entropy.
  • Equilibrium: A state of balance.

Chemical Reactions

  • Exergonic: Reactions that release energy.
  • Endergonic: Reactions requiring an input of energy.

Catalysts

  • Catalyst: Substance that accelerates a reaction without being used up.
  • Enzymes: Biological catalysts that facilitate reactions in living organisms.

Genetic Information

  • Nucleotide: Building block of DNA; consists of a sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.
  • DNA: Double-stranded molecule that holds genetic information.
  • RNA: Single-stranded nucleic acid crucial for protein synthesis.

Cell Structure

  • Prokaryote: Unicellular organism without a nucleus.
  • Eukaryote: Organism with cells containing a nucleus.
  • Cell Membrane: Controls cell substance entry and exit.
  • Nucleus: Contains DNA and RNA, key for growth and reproduction.
  • Ribosome: Site of protein synthesis.

Organelles

  • Mitochondria: Energy production via biochemical respiration.
  • Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins for export.
  • Lysosome: Digestive enzymes for breaking down materials.
  • Vacuole: Storage for materials like water and nutrients.

Cytoskeleton and Movement

  • Cytoskeleton: Network of fibers maintaining cell shape and aiding movement.
  • Microtubules: Hollow rods making up part of the cytoskeleton.
  • Actin: Protein forming microfilaments involved in cell movement.
  • Cilia/Flagella: Hairlike structures aiding in locomotion.

Transport Mechanisms

  • Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Transport across membranes aided by proteins without energy.
  • Active Transport: Energy-requiring process moving substances against concentration gradient.
  • Osmosis: Water diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane.
  • Tight Junction: Seal between cells preventing substance movement; found in intestines and blood-brain barrier.
  • Gap Junction: Hydrophilic pores allowing ion passage between adjacent cells.

Biological Molecules

  • Proteins: Polymers of amino acids essential in cell function.
  • Lipids: Energy-rich organic compounds formed from fatty acids.
  • Nucleic Acids: Polymers of nucleotides, including DNA and RNA.
  • Carbohydrates: Polymers of monosaccharides serving as energy sources.

Measurements and Statistical Concepts

  • Standard Deviation: Measure of variation around the mean.
  • Standard Error of the Mean: Calculated as SD divided by the square root of sample size (n).

Cellular Components

  • Plasmid: Circular DNA in bacteria carrying accessory genes.
  • Extracellular Matrix: Substance embedded in animal tissue, consisting of proteins and polysaccharides.
  • Centrioles: Organelles involved in cell division, specific to animal cells.

First Law of Thermodynamics

  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed; only transformed from one form to another.

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Test your knowledge on chemical bonds with these flashcards for BYU Bio 130 Exam 1. This quiz covers essential definitions and types of chemical bonding, including covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. Perfect for quick study and review before the exam!

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