Questions and Answers
What are chemical bonds?
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond in which electrons are shared.
What is an ionic bond?
A chemical bond between ions, where one or more electrons have been transferred.
What is a hydrogen bond?
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What is a solute?
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What is a solvent?
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Define a theory in scientific terms.
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What is a fact?
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What is a hypothesis?
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What is the theory of evolution?
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What is phylogenetics?
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What is natural selection?
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What is a positive control?
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Define potential energy.
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What are valence electrons?
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What is the octet rule?
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What is a molecule?
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Define a polar molecule.
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Define a non-polar molecule.
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What is specific heat?
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What does hydrophobic mean?
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What does hydrophilic mean?
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Define amphipathic molecules.
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What is a polymer?
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What is a monomer?
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Define dehydration reaction.
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What is a hydrolysis reaction?
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What is a protein?
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What are amino acids?
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What is an enantiomer?
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What are isomers?
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Define kinetic energy.
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What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
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What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
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What is an exergonic reaction?
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What is an endergonic reaction?
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Define equilibrium.
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What is catalysis?
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What is a catalyst?
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What are enzymes?
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What is activation energy?
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What is the theory of chemical evolution?
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What are nucleotides?
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What are nucleobases?
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What is an activated nucleotide?
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What is gel electrophoresis?
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What is DNA?
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What is RNA?
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What does 5' to 3' refer to in DNA replication?
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What is the standard error of the mean?
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What is standard deviation?
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What are the two underlying theories of biology?
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What are fatty acids?
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What are nucleotides?
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What are monosaccharides?
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What are lipids?
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What are proteins?
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What are nucleic acids?
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What are carbohydrates?
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What is ATP?
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What is a lipid?
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What is a carbohydrate?
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What is a monosaccharide?
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What is a polysaccharide?
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What is a glycoprotein?
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What is a steroid?
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What is a phospholipid?
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What is diffusion?
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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What is passive transport?
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What is active transport?
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What is osmosis?
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What does isotonic mean?
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What is a prokaryote?
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What is a plasmid?
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What is a eukaryote?
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What is a cell membrane?
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What is a nucleus?
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What is a ribosome?
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What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the Golgi apparatus?
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What is a lysosome?
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What is a peroxisome?
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What is a vacuole?
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What are mitochondria?
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What is a chloroplast?
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What is an extracellular matrix?
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What is a cytoskeleton?
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What is actin?
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What are microtubules?
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What are centrioles?
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What are cilia?
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What are flagella?
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What is a cell wall?
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What are plasmodesmata?
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What are tight junctions?
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What type of junction is a tight junction?
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What is a gap junction?
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Study Notes
Chemical Bonds
- Chemical Bonds: Forces holding atoms together in a molecule.
- Covalent Bond: Atoms share electrons.
- Ionic Bond: Involves transfer of one or more electrons between ions.
- Hydrogen Bond: A hydrogen atom is shared between two electronegative atoms (usually O or N).
Solutions and Reactions
- Solute: Molecule dissolved in liquid.
- Solvent: Liquid in which the solute is dissolved.
- Dehydration Reaction: Two molecules bond with the removal of water.
- Hydrolysis Reaction: Breaks apart a larger molecule by adding water.
Biological Theories and Concepts
- Theory: Integrated set of principles that explains and predicts events.
- Fact: Objective piece of information presented as true.
- Hypothesis: Proposed, testable explanation for an observation.
- Theory of Evolution: Explains unity and diversity of life; introduced by Charles Darwin.
Evolutionary Concepts
- Phylogenetics: Analysis of evolutionary relationships between taxa.
- Natural Selection: Process where individuals with advantageous traits reproduce more effectively.
Energy and Stability
- Potential Energy: Energy stored due to an object's position.
- Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.
- 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Energy transfer increases entropy.
- Equilibrium: A state of balance.
Chemical Reactions
- Exergonic: Reactions that release energy.
- Endergonic: Reactions requiring an input of energy.
Catalysts
- Catalyst: Substance that accelerates a reaction without being used up.
- Enzymes: Biological catalysts that facilitate reactions in living organisms.
Genetic Information
- Nucleotide: Building block of DNA; consists of a sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.
- DNA: Double-stranded molecule that holds genetic information.
- RNA: Single-stranded nucleic acid crucial for protein synthesis.
Cell Structure
- Prokaryote: Unicellular organism without a nucleus.
- Eukaryote: Organism with cells containing a nucleus.
- Cell Membrane: Controls cell substance entry and exit.
- Nucleus: Contains DNA and RNA, key for growth and reproduction.
- Ribosome: Site of protein synthesis.
Organelles
- Mitochondria: Energy production via biochemical respiration.
- Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins for export.
- Lysosome: Digestive enzymes for breaking down materials.
- Vacuole: Storage for materials like water and nutrients.
Cytoskeleton and Movement
- Cytoskeleton: Network of fibers maintaining cell shape and aiding movement.
- Microtubules: Hollow rods making up part of the cytoskeleton.
- Actin: Protein forming microfilaments involved in cell movement.
- Cilia/Flagella: Hairlike structures aiding in locomotion.
Transport Mechanisms
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Transport across membranes aided by proteins without energy.
- Active Transport: Energy-requiring process moving substances against concentration gradient.
- Osmosis: Water diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane.
Cell Links
- Tight Junction: Seal between cells preventing substance movement; found in intestines and blood-brain barrier.
- Gap Junction: Hydrophilic pores allowing ion passage between adjacent cells.
Biological Molecules
- Proteins: Polymers of amino acids essential in cell function.
- Lipids: Energy-rich organic compounds formed from fatty acids.
- Nucleic Acids: Polymers of nucleotides, including DNA and RNA.
- Carbohydrates: Polymers of monosaccharides serving as energy sources.
Measurements and Statistical Concepts
- Standard Deviation: Measure of variation around the mean.
- Standard Error of the Mean: Calculated as SD divided by the square root of sample size (n).
Cellular Components
- Plasmid: Circular DNA in bacteria carrying accessory genes.
- Extracellular Matrix: Substance embedded in animal tissue, consisting of proteins and polysaccharides.
- Centrioles: Organelles involved in cell division, specific to animal cells.
First Law of Thermodynamics
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed; only transformed from one form to another.
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Test your knowledge on chemical bonds with these flashcards for BYU Bio 130 Exam 1. This quiz covers essential definitions and types of chemical bonding, including covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. Perfect for quick study and review before the exam!