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Questions and Answers
Which one of the following bonds is the weakest?
Which one of the following bonds is the weakest?
- A polar covalent bond
- An ionic bond
- James Bond
- Hydrogen bond
- Van der Waals (correct)
- A nonpolar covalent bond
The primary structure of a protein is determined by its hydrogen bonds.
The primary structure of a protein is determined by its hydrogen bonds.
False (B)
Only an atom's _____ electrons can participate in forming a chemical bond with another atom.
Only an atom's _____ electrons can participate in forming a chemical bond with another atom.
valence
Both DNA and RNA are composed of 2 polynucleotide strands bonded together into a double helix formation.
Both DNA and RNA are composed of 2 polynucleotide strands bonded together into a double helix formation.
If the shared electrons of a molecule are drawn to one atom more than to the other, they are said to form a _______ bond.
If the shared electrons of a molecule are drawn to one atom more than to the other, they are said to form a _______ bond.
Which of the below can base pair with Uracil?
Which of the below can base pair with Uracil?
Which one of the following is a polysaccharide?
Which one of the following is a polysaccharide?
Nonpolar molecules are those in which _________.
Nonpolar molecules are those in which _________.
When one atom loses electrons to another and the two resulting particles are attracted to each other because they are oppositely charged but without sharing electrons, a/an _______ bond is formed.
When one atom loses electrons to another and the two resulting particles are attracted to each other because they are oppositely charged but without sharing electrons, a/an _______ bond is formed.
Which of the following does not belong to the rest?
Which of the following does not belong to the rest?
Which of these statements about atoms is true?
Which of these statements about atoms is true?
The bond between oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule is ______.
The bond between oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule is ______.
Which of these is a nonpolar covalent bond?
Which of these is a nonpolar covalent bond?
Solution A has a pH of 2, and solution B has a pH of 10. Which of these statements about these solutions is true?
Solution A has a pH of 2, and solution B has a pH of 10. Which of these statements about these solutions is true?
Glucose is ______.
Glucose is ______.
Digestion reactions occur by means of ______.
Digestion reactions occur by means of ______.
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ______.
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ______.
Lecithin is ______.
Lecithin is ______.
Which of these lipids have regulatory roles in the body?
Which of these lipids have regulatory roles in the body?
The tertiary structure of a protein is directly determined by ______.
The tertiary structure of a protein is directly determined by ______.
The type of bond formed between two molecules of water is ______.
The type of bond formed between two molecules of water is ______.
The carbon-to-nitrogen bond that joins amino acids together is called ______.
The carbon-to-nitrogen bond that joins amino acids together is called ______.
The RNA nucleotide base that pairs with adenine in DNA is ______.
The RNA nucleotide base that pairs with adenine in DNA is ______.
If four bases in one DNA strand are A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), and T (thymine), the complementary bases in the RNA strand made from this region are ______.
If four bases in one DNA strand are A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), and T (thymine), the complementary bases in the RNA strand made from this region are ______.
The __________ is a subatomic particle of an atom that has no electric charge.
The __________ is a subatomic particle of an atom that has no electric charge.
The mass number of an atom is determined by the number of _______ it has.
The mass number of an atom is determined by the number of _______ it has.
An electron can occupy any space within a certain _______ of an atom.
An electron can occupy any space within a certain _______ of an atom.
Two isotopes differ from each other in their _________.
Two isotopes differ from each other in their _________.
Two atoms form chemical bonds with each other by means of _________.
Two atoms form chemical bonds with each other by means of _________.
Water is an especially good solvent for biological molecules because it is ____.
Water is an especially good solvent for biological molecules because it is ____.
Weak attractions between a negative region of one molecule and a positive region of a hydrogen atom are called __________.
Weak attractions between a negative region of one molecule and a positive region of a hydrogen atom are called __________.
When water molecules break apart, they yield ________.
When water molecules break apart, they yield ________.
A base is defined as any molecule that can ____________.
A base is defined as any molecule that can ____________.
Any organic molecule with a carboxyl group on it is classified as _________.
Any organic molecule with a carboxyl group on it is classified as _________.
Which of the following is a polysaccharide?
Which of the following is a polysaccharide?
The synthesis of a protein from amino acids uses the process of ___________.
The synthesis of a protein from amino acids uses the process of ___________.
After amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide chain, the chain often coils into a spring-like structure called the alpha helix. This coiling is due to _____________.
After amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide chain, the chain often coils into a spring-like structure called the alpha helix. This coiling is due to _____________.
Disulfide bonds are formed to stabilize _______.
Disulfide bonds are formed to stabilize _______.
Which of the following proteins is/are characterized by a quaternary structure?
Which of the following proteins is/are characterized by a quaternary structure?
A full electron orbital always contains eight electrons.
A full electron orbital always contains eight electrons.
All isotopes of a given atom are included in the term chemical element.
All isotopes of a given atom are included in the term chemical element.
Prostaglandins get their name from the fact that they are only produced by the prostate gland.
Prostaglandins get their name from the fact that they are only produced by the prostate gland.
The primary structure of a protein is determined by its hydrogen bonds.
The primary structure of a protein is determined by its hydrogen bonds.
Both DNA and RNA are composed of 2 polynucleotide strands bonded together into a double helix formation.
Both DNA and RNA are composed of 2 polynucleotide strands bonded together into a double helix formation.
A carbon atom can covalently bond to a maximum of _____ other atom(s).
A carbon atom can covalently bond to a maximum of _____ other atom(s).
When an oxygen atom is covalently bonded to as many other atoms as possible, its outermost orbital will contain a total number of _______ electrons.
When an oxygen atom is covalently bonded to as many other atoms as possible, its outermost orbital will contain a total number of _______ electrons.
An element with an atomic number of 10 would be able to form how many covalent bonds?
An element with an atomic number of 10 would be able to form how many covalent bonds?
If an atom or molecule loses one electron, it becomes _________.
If an atom or molecule loses one electron, it becomes _________.
Hydrocarbons __________.
Hydrocarbons __________.
A molecule that tends to form hydration spheres around it is said to be ______.
A molecule that tends to form hydration spheres around it is said to be ______.
If the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is 10-8 molar, the solution has a pH of ______.
If the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is 10-8 molar, the solution has a pH of ______.
If solution A has 100 times the hydrogen ions as solution B and solution B has a pH of 7.0, then solution A will have a pH equal to ______________.
If solution A has 100 times the hydrogen ions as solution B and solution B has a pH of 7.0, then solution A will have a pH equal to ______________.
Many organic molecules consist of a chain or ring to which a variety of _________ are attached.
Many organic molecules consist of a chain or ring to which a variety of _________ are attached.
Which of the following does not belong among the rest?
Which of the following does not belong among the rest?
Which of the following does not belong to the rest?
Which of the following does not belong to the rest?
Which of the following substances serve as surfactants (surface-active agents)?
Which of the following substances serve as surfactants (surface-active agents)?
_________ is a phospholipid in which one carbon atom of the glycerol backbone is attached to a phosphate group, and the other phosphate group is attached on the other side to a choline molecule.
_________ is a phospholipid in which one carbon atom of the glycerol backbone is attached to a phosphate group, and the other phosphate group is attached on the other side to a choline molecule.
Any two atoms can only share one pair of electrons when they form a covalent bond.
Any two atoms can only share one pair of electrons when they form a covalent bond.
A saturated fatty acid has a straight hydrocarbon chain, which is similar to the trans configuration.
A saturated fatty acid has a straight hydrocarbon chain, which is similar to the trans configuration.
A disulfide bond is stronger than an ionic bond.
A disulfide bond is stronger than an ionic bond.
A molecule is classified as either hydrophilic or hydrophobic because it either mixes with water or it does not. It cannot be both.
A molecule is classified as either hydrophilic or hydrophobic because it either mixes with water or it does not. It cannot be both.
Triglycerides are described as neutral fats because they cannot release free H+.
Triglycerides are described as neutral fats because they cannot release free H+.
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Study Notes
Chemical Bonds
- Van der Waals bonds are the weakest type of bond.
- Ionic bonds form when one atom loses electrons to another; oppositely charged particles attract.
- Polar covalent bonds occur when shared electrons are drawn more to one atom than another, creating partial charges.
- Nonpolar covalent bonds involve equal sharing of electrons between nuclei.
- Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
Protein Structure
- The primary structure of a protein is defined by the sequence of amino acids, not hydrogen bonds.
- The tertiary structure of a protein results from interactions of the primary structure.
- Disulfide bonds stabilize tertiary protein structure.
- Hemoglobin exhibits quaternary structure with its four polypeptide chains.
Nucleic Acids
- DNA consists of two polynucleotide strands, while RNA is typically single-stranded.
- Adenine in RNA pairs with uracil; it pairs with thymine in DNA.
- The process of transcription produces RNA from a DNA template.
- Complementary RNA bases to a given DNA sequence (A, G, C, T) are (U, C, G, A).
Carbohydrates and Lipids
- Glycogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage in liver and muscle.
- Monosaccharides include glucose.
- Triglycerides are neutral fats and do not release free H+.
- Phospholipids, like lecithin, function as surfactants due to their dual nature (hydrophilic and hydrophobic).
Acids, Bases, and pH
- A base removes protons from a solution.
- Water is a polar molecule, making it a good solvent for biological substances.
- Solutions are characterized by pH, with a decrease in pH indicating an increase in H+ concentration.
- pH is logarithmic; a pH difference of one unit represents a tenfold difference in H+ concentration.
Atomic Structure
- An atom's mass number is the sum of its protons and neutrons.
- Neutral atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons.
- Electrons in the outermost shell (valence electrons) participate in chemical bonding.
- Isotopes of an element differ in neutron number, not proton number.
Miscellaneous
- Hydrolysis is the process of breaking down compounds by adding water.
- Functional groups modify the properties of hydrocarbons, forming the basis for diverse organic molecules.
- Saturated fatty acids have straight chains similar to trans configurations.
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