Questions and Answers
Which one of the following bonds is the weakest?
The primary structure of a protein is determined by its hydrogen bonds.
False
Only an atom's _____ electrons can participate in forming a chemical bond with another atom.
valence
Both DNA and RNA are composed of 2 polynucleotide strands bonded together into a double helix formation.
Signup and view all the answers
If the shared electrons of a molecule are drawn to one atom more than to the other, they are said to form a _______ bond.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the below can base pair with Uracil?
Signup and view all the answers
Which one of the following is a polysaccharide?
Signup and view all the answers
Nonpolar molecules are those in which _________.
Signup and view all the answers
When one atom loses electrons to another and the two resulting particles are attracted to each other because they are oppositely charged but without sharing electrons, a/an _______ bond is formed.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following does not belong to the rest?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these statements about atoms is true?
Signup and view all the answers
The bond between oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these is a nonpolar covalent bond?
Signup and view all the answers
Solution A has a pH of 2, and solution B has a pH of 10. Which of these statements about these solutions is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Glucose is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Digestion reactions occur by means of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Lecithin is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these lipids have regulatory roles in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
The tertiary structure of a protein is directly determined by ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The type of bond formed between two molecules of water is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The carbon-to-nitrogen bond that joins amino acids together is called ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The RNA nucleotide base that pairs with adenine in DNA is ______.
Signup and view all the answers
If four bases in one DNA strand are A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), and T (thymine), the complementary bases in the RNA strand made from this region are ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The __________ is a subatomic particle of an atom that has no electric charge.
Signup and view all the answers
The mass number of an atom is determined by the number of _______ it has.
Signup and view all the answers
An electron can occupy any space within a certain _______ of an atom.
Signup and view all the answers
Two isotopes differ from each other in their _________.
Signup and view all the answers
Two atoms form chemical bonds with each other by means of _________.
Signup and view all the answers
Water is an especially good solvent for biological molecules because it is ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Weak attractions between a negative region of one molecule and a positive region of a hydrogen atom are called __________.
Signup and view all the answers
When water molecules break apart, they yield ________.
Signup and view all the answers
A base is defined as any molecule that can ____________.
Signup and view all the answers
Any organic molecule with a carboxyl group on it is classified as _________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a polysaccharide?
Signup and view all the answers
The synthesis of a protein from amino acids uses the process of ___________.
Signup and view all the answers
After amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide chain, the chain often coils into a spring-like structure called the alpha helix. This coiling is due to _____________.
Signup and view all the answers
Disulfide bonds are formed to stabilize _______.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following proteins is/are characterized by a quaternary structure?
Signup and view all the answers
A full electron orbital always contains eight electrons.
Signup and view all the answers
All isotopes of a given atom are included in the term chemical element.
Signup and view all the answers
Prostaglandins get their name from the fact that they are only produced by the prostate gland.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary structure of a protein is determined by its hydrogen bonds.
Signup and view all the answers
Both DNA and RNA are composed of 2 polynucleotide strands bonded together into a double helix formation.
Signup and view all the answers
A carbon atom can covalently bond to a maximum of _____ other atom(s).
Signup and view all the answers
When an oxygen atom is covalently bonded to as many other atoms as possible, its outermost orbital will contain a total number of _______ electrons.
Signup and view all the answers
An element with an atomic number of 10 would be able to form how many covalent bonds?
Signup and view all the answers
If an atom or molecule loses one electron, it becomes _________.
Signup and view all the answers
Hydrocarbons __________.
Signup and view all the answers
A molecule that tends to form hydration spheres around it is said to be ______.
Signup and view all the answers
If the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is 10-8 molar, the solution has a pH of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
If solution A has 100 times the hydrogen ions as solution B and solution B has a pH of 7.0, then solution A will have a pH equal to ______________.
Signup and view all the answers
Many organic molecules consist of a chain or ring to which a variety of _________ are attached.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following does not belong among the rest?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following does not belong to the rest?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following substances serve as surfactants (surface-active agents)?
Signup and view all the answers
_________ is a phospholipid in which one carbon atom of the glycerol backbone is attached to a phosphate group, and the other phosphate group is attached on the other side to a choline molecule.
Signup and view all the answers
Any two atoms can only share one pair of electrons when they form a covalent bond.
Signup and view all the answers
A saturated fatty acid has a straight hydrocarbon chain, which is similar to the trans configuration.
Signup and view all the answers
A disulfide bond is stronger than an ionic bond.
Signup and view all the answers
A molecule is classified as either hydrophilic or hydrophobic because it either mixes with water or it does not. It cannot be both.
Signup and view all the answers
Triglycerides are described as neutral fats because they cannot release free H+.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Chemical Bonds
- Van der Waals bonds are the weakest type of bond.
- Ionic bonds form when one atom loses electrons to another; oppositely charged particles attract.
- Polar covalent bonds occur when shared electrons are drawn more to one atom than another, creating partial charges.
- Nonpolar covalent bonds involve equal sharing of electrons between nuclei.
- Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
Protein Structure
- The primary structure of a protein is defined by the sequence of amino acids, not hydrogen bonds.
- The tertiary structure of a protein results from interactions of the primary structure.
- Disulfide bonds stabilize tertiary protein structure.
- Hemoglobin exhibits quaternary structure with its four polypeptide chains.
Nucleic Acids
- DNA consists of two polynucleotide strands, while RNA is typically single-stranded.
- Adenine in RNA pairs with uracil; it pairs with thymine in DNA.
- The process of transcription produces RNA from a DNA template.
- Complementary RNA bases to a given DNA sequence (A, G, C, T) are (U, C, G, A).
Carbohydrates and Lipids
- Glycogen is a polysaccharide used for energy storage in liver and muscle.
- Monosaccharides include glucose.
- Triglycerides are neutral fats and do not release free H+.
- Phospholipids, like lecithin, function as surfactants due to their dual nature (hydrophilic and hydrophobic).
Acids, Bases, and pH
- A base removes protons from a solution.
- Water is a polar molecule, making it a good solvent for biological substances.
- Solutions are characterized by pH, with a decrease in pH indicating an increase in H+ concentration.
- pH is logarithmic; a pH difference of one unit represents a tenfold difference in H+ concentration.
Atomic Structure
- An atom's mass number is the sum of its protons and neutrons.
- Neutral atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons.
- Electrons in the outermost shell (valence electrons) participate in chemical bonding.
- Isotopes of an element differ in neutron number, not proton number.
Miscellaneous
- Hydrolysis is the process of breaking down compounds by adding water.
- Functional groups modify the properties of hydrocarbons, forming the basis for diverse organic molecules.
- Saturated fatty acids have straight chains similar to trans configurations.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your understanding of molecular biology concepts with this Chapter 2 study guide quiz. Covering key topics like chemical bonds and protein structure, these flashcards will help reinforce your knowledge and prepare you for exams.
