Business Systems and Organizational Cultures
45 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which principle holds that actions should not infringe on others' agreed-upon rights?

  • Principle of religious injunctions
  • Principle of individual rights (correct)
  • Principle of government requirements
  • Principle of distributive justice
  • What is the main focus of the principle of distributive justice?

  • To protect the rights of individuals
  • To avoid actions that harm the least fortunate (correct)
  • To promote a sense of community
  • To ensure long-term self-interest is prioritized
  • Which principle emphasizes acting in ways that are honest and transparent, as if actions were to be publicly reported?

  • Principle of long-term self-interest
  • Principle of personal virtue (correct)
  • Principle of religious injunctions
  • Principle of government requirements
  • What ethical principle refers to adhering to laws as the minimum moral standard?

    <p>Principle of government requirements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized as 'the father of corporate social responsibility' (CSR)?

    <p>Howard R. Bowen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines business activity?

    <p>The activity of transforming inputs into goods and services. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three basic forms of business?

    <p>Market, government, and voluntary sectors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the internal environment of an organization?

    <p>Factors like management, employees, and culture within the organization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the general environment includes aspects like economic growth and consumer behavior?

    <p>Economic conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered part of the external organizational environments?

    <p>Technological changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the specific environment from the general environment?

    <p>Specific environment includes unique factors for each company. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sociocultural trends primarily impact businesses?

    <p>By influencing consumer preferences and demography. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the voluntary (third) sector?

    <p>To allocate resources for profit generation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does punctuated equilibrium theory describe in organizational contexts?

    <p>Alternating long periods of stability and short periods of dynamic change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of a complex environment?

    <p>It contains many external factors that require adaptation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of resource includes knowledge and stakeholder relationships?

    <p>Intangible resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by resource scarcity?

    <p>Variations in accessibility of resources affecting organization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does environmental uncertainty affect managers?

    <p>It reduces the predictability of external changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the capability to use various resources important for organizations?

    <p>It contributes to sustainable competitive advantage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does environmental complexity play in organizational adaptation?

    <p>It complicates organizational structure and processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a simple environment?

    <p>One with few environmental factors impacting the organization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of strategic foresight in organizations?

    <p>It provides a basis for decision making that enhances resilience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does low environmental change and complexity affect managerial confidence?

    <p>Managers feel confident in understanding and handling external forces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of future analysis is highlighted as crucial for organizations?

    <p>Ability to adapt to unpredictable developments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the rapid identification of opportunities and threats allow companies to do?

    <p>Develop business ventures during unique chances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is analyzing the external environment important for organizations?

    <p>It helps in sighting both opportunities and threats rapidly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about strategic scenario planning is true?

    <p>It provides important information on future evolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation mentioned regarding preparedness for changes in the macro-environment?

    <p>Sudden changes cannot be fully anticipated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one outcome of improved planning in response to analyzing the external environment?

    <p>More effective and rapid reactions to identified changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge associated with changing organizational cultures?

    <p>Cultures are generally resistant to change. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines ethics?

    <p>The set of moral principles that guide behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of production deviance?

    <p>Leaving work early without permission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents property deviance?

    <p>Sabotaging company equipment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of workplace deviance involves hostility towards coworkers?

    <p>Personal aggression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered political deviance in the workplace?

    <p>Favoring friends over performance in decisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might workplace deviance be categorized?

    <p>By the target of the behavior and severity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethical behavior conform to?

    <p>Society's accepted principles of right and wrong. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the shareholder model in corporate social responsibility?

    <p>Profit maximization for shareholder benefit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is referred to as primary stakeholders in a business context?

    <p>Any group crucial for long-term survival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the four types of corporate social responsibility?

    <p>Environmental responsibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stakeholder model of corporate social responsibility focuses primarily on which aspect?

    <p>The interests of multiple corporate stakeholders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does practicing corporate social responsibility benefit a company?

    <p>It enhances societal and environmental impact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes corporate social responsibility (CSR)?

    <p>A self-regulating business model for accountability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do large corporations engage in CSR strategies?

    <p>To improve their brand and set industry standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of secondary stakeholders in relation to a corporation?

    <p>They can influence or be influenced by the company. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Business Definition (simplified)

    A business is an activity that produces goods or services to meet people's needs.

    Business Allocation of Resources

    Businesses decide how to use society's resources to create goods and services, considering limited resources.

    Three Business Sectors

    Businesses can be categorized as market, government, or voluntary (third sector).

    Business System (broader)

    A business system involves various organizations interacting to create economic activity, including unions and regulatory bodies.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Internal Environment

    Internal environment includes factors inside a company that affect its operations (employee morale, culture).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    External Environment

    External factors outside a company that impact its performance (e.g., economy, technology).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    General Environment

    General environment affects ALL companies (e.g. economy, technology, social trends).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Specific Environment

    Specific environment is unique to each company (e.g., competitors, suppliers).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Punctuated Equilibrium Theory

    Companies experience long periods of stability followed by short, complex periods of fundamental change, then return to stability.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Environmental Complexity

    The number and intensity of external factors affecting an organization.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Simple Environment

    An environment with few external factors influencing an organization.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Complex Environment

    An environment with many external factors influencing an organization.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Organizational Resources

    Anything usable to create value for an organization.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Tangible Resources

    Organizational assets that can be seen and quantified.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Intangible Resources

    Organizational assets hard to quantify or measure.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Environmental Uncertainty

    The difficulty managers have in understanding and predicting environmental changes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Future analysis

    A systematic approach to understanding potential future changes and uncertainties.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Strategic foresight

    Another term for future analysis, focusing on understanding and preparing for change.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Why is adaptability crucial?

    Because developments are often unpredictable, flexibility and the ability to adjust are vital for success.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Impact of future analysis

    It helps businesses understand change, navigate uncertain environments, and make resilient plans.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Strategic scenario planning analysis

    A method to explore possible future situations and their implications, providing valuable insights about potential outcomes.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Importance of external environment analysis

    It helps businesses anticipate changes, spot opportunities and threats, plan effectively, and react swiftly.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Golden opportunity

    A unique chance to develop a business venture due to changes in the external environment.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Planning & response times

    An understanding of the external environment allows companies to respond quickly and effectively to opportunities and threats.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Organizational Culture

    The shared values, beliefs, and assumptions of a company's employees that influence how they behave.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Changing Culture

    Altering the shared values, beliefs, and assumptions within a company, which is a challenging process.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Ethics

    Principles that define what's right or wrong for individuals or groups, guiding behavior, decision-making, and interaction.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Workplace Deviance

    Unethical behavior that violates company norms. Examples: stealing, spreading rumors, or being aggressive towards colleagues.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Production Deviance

    Unethical behavior that hurts the quality or quantity of work produced, like leaving early or working slower intentionally.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Property Deviance

    Unethical behavior targeting company property or products, like stealing, damaging equipment, or overcharging for services.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Political Deviance

    Using influence to harm others within the company, like favoritism or spreading rumors.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Personal Aggression

    Hostile or aggressive behavior towards others, such as verbal abuse, sexual harassment, or threats.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Concentration of effect

    The degree to which an action influences the average person.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Principle of long-term self-interest

    An ethical principle suggesting you should only act in ways that benefit you or your organization in the long run.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Principle of religious injunctions

    An ethical principle emphasizing kindness and community building as guiding principles in decision-making.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Principle of government requirements

    An ethical principle emphasizing compliance with laws, considering them as the minimum moral standard.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Principle of personal virtue

    An ethical principle advocating for honest, open, and truthful actions, even when publicly scrutinized.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Corporate Social Responsibility

    A business model where companies voluntarily take actions that benefit society, including economic, social, and environmental aspects.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Shareholder Model

    A view of social responsibility where a company's main goal is to maximize profits for its shareholders.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Stakeholder Model

    A view of social responsibility where a company's success is achieved by satisfying the interests of all stakeholders, not just shareholders.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Primary Stakeholder

    Any group that a company relies on for its long-term survival, like employees, customers, and suppliers.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Secondary Stakeholder

    Any group that can influence or be influenced by a company, affecting public perception of its social responsibility.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Environmental Responsibility

    A type of corporate social responsibility that focuses on minimizing the company's negative impact on the environment.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Ethical Responsibility

    A type of corporate social responsibility that focuses on fair and honest business practices, respecting ethical values.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Philanthropic Responsibility

    A type of corporate social responsibility that involves supporting charitable causes and community initiatives.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Organizational Environments and Cultures

    • Businesses are a specific activity within an organization, transforming inputs into outputs (goods and services) to meet societal needs.
    • They act as a mechanism for resource allocation in a society with competing needs. Scarcity necessitates choices in production and distribution.
    • Three basic forms exist: market (private sector), government (public sector), and voluntary (third sector). The third sector prioritizes societal needs over profit.

    What is Business?

    • Businesses are activities that transform inputs into outputs (goods or services) to meet societal demands.
    • They determine how available resources are allocated to satisfy (competing) wants and needs.
    • This happens within conditions of scarcity.

    Three Basic Forms of Business

    • Market (private sector)
    • Government (public sector)
    • Voluntary (third sector)

    What is Business? (continued)

    • The business system encompasses various organizations, including economic entities, trade unions, professional groups, consumer groups, and regulatory agencies, which jointly create economic activity patterns.
    • Businesses operate in dynamic and unique environments, presenting opportunities and threats.

    Types of Environment

    • Internal environment: events and trends within an organization that affect management, employees, and organizational culture
    • External environment: all events outside the company that can influence or affect it.

    2 Types of External Organizational Environments

    • General environment: factors affecting all organizations. Examples include economic conditions, technology, sociocultural trends, and political/legal factors.
    • Specific environment: factors unique to a particular company. Examples include customers, competitors, suppliers, industry regulation, and advocacy groups.

    General Environment

    • Economy: fluctuating economic conditions influence businesses.
    • Technology: tools, techniques, and knowledge impact input transformation into products and services.
    • Sociocultural trends: demographics, behavior, beliefs, and attitudes in a society affect demand for products.
    • Political/Legal trends: legislation, regulations, and court decisions shape business practices.

    Specific Environment

    • Customers: understanding and meeting customer needs is crucial for business success.
    • Competitors: companies analyse competitors' strategies, strengths, and weaknesses to remain competitive.
    • Suppliers: provide material, human, financial, and informational resources. Supplier dependency versus buyer dependency can lead to opportunistic or relationship-based transactional behaviours..
    • Industry regulation: rules and regulations govern business practices within specific industries to protect consumers and workers.
    • Advocacy groups: groups representing specific interests that influence business practices.

    What is Environmental Change?

    • Environmental change is the rate at which general and specific environments within a company change.
    • Stable environments have slow change rates, while dynamic environments have fast change rates.

    Punctuated Equilibrium Theory

    • Companies experience long periods of stability (equilibrium), interspersed with short, radical periods of change (revolutionary periods), resulting in a new equilibrium state (stability).

    Environmental Complexity

    • Environmental complexity is the number and intensity of external factors affecting organizations.
    • Simple environments have few factors, whereas complex environments have many.
    • Organizations need to adapt their strategic responses and manage complexity for survival in complex environments.

    Organizational Resources

    • Resources are anything usable to create value.
    • Two types exist:
      • Tangible resources: assets easily seen, touched, and quantified (machinery, money, products).
      • Intangible resources: assets hard to quantify (knowledge, skills, relationships).

    Organizational Resources (continued)

    • Resource scarcity is the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an external environment. Resource scarcity varies by industry and changes over time.
    • The ability to effectively utilize a range of resources creates a sustainable competitive advantage.

    Environmental Uncertainty

    • Environmental uncertainty is the extent to which managers can predict and comprehend external environmental shifts.
    • Change is frequent; some variations reflect existing trends, while others are destructive and lead to significant changes.

    Environmental Change, Environmental Complexity & Resource Scarcity

    • High environmental uncertainty occurs when change and complexity are high and resources are scarce. Predicting and managing changes will be difficult under such conditions.
    • Low environmental uncertainty arises when change and complexity are low and resources are plentiful. Managers can more easily understand and manage these forces.

    Future Analysis

    • Future Analysis, also known as strategic foresight, helps to understand change and uncertainty within complex systems. This is done by constructively and methodically evaluating the future.
    • Based on this analysis, companies can create more resilient plans and strategies. Future analysis helps organizations to better handle and respond to change and the complex challenges of the future.

    Impact of Future Analysis

    • Ability to adapt is crucial because future changes are often unpredictable.
    • Impacting future events and changing the way forward requires using previous experiences.
    • Scenario planning analysis helps gain insights into future trends.

    Importance of Analyzing the External Environment

    • Avoidance of Surprises: Anticipating and preparing for changes in the macro-environment helps companies minimise major surprises, although all unexpected changes cannot be predicted..
    • Opportunity and Threat Identification: Rapid change exposes unique opportunities for new ventures, but these necessitate balanced threat identification so that companies can position themselves accordingly.
    • Improved Planning and Response Times: A thorough understanding of the external environment leads to faster and more effective responses when opportunities and threats emerge.
    • Enhanced Understanding and Self-Awareness: An awareness of external changes places the organization in a better perspective. This helps to avoid inward-focused practices which leads to short-term thinking or reactive approaches rather than proactive, planned responses and longer-term planning.

    Business Confidence Indices

    • Standardized metrics indicating managers' perceived future business growth, based on opinion surveys.
    • Include business sentiment, production, order, inventory, raw materials, finished products, profit margins, and employment.
    • Malaysian Business Confidence numbers above 100 reflect increased confidence, whereas numbers below 100 signify pessimism. Such indices can be valuable for anticipatory decisions regarding resource allocation or staff recruitment and training.

    Business Confidence Indices (continued)

    • Business confidence indices can help track economic activity and anticipate turning points/curves.
    • Declining indices might lead managers to hire more staff, increase production, and/or adapt to economic changes.

    Organizational Cultures

    • A shared set of values, beliefs, and attitudes among an organization's members is known as organizational culture.
    • This provides structure for the internal organizational environment.

    Creation & Maintenance of Organizational Cultures

    • A company founder is typically a key shaper of its organizational culture.

    Keys to an Organizational Culture That Fosters Success

    • Adaptability: The ability to recognise and respond to environmental transformations is crucial.
    • Consistency: A strong, cohesive organizational culture is necessary, emphasizing shared values and convictions.
    • Mission: The company's purpose and rationale must be clear and widely understood by all employees.
    • Employee Involvement: Actively incorporating employees in the firm's operations fosters engagement and participation, enhancing adaptability.

    Three Levels of Organizational Culture

    • Seen: observable artifacts (dress codes, behaviours, and communication patterns)
    • Heard: expressed values, shared perceptions, and decision-making processes
    • Believed: deeply rooted assumptions and norms, rarely discussed.

    Changing Organizational Cultures

    • Behavioral addition: incorporating new employee behaviours within the organization
    • Behavioral substitution: a replacement of current behaviours with new ones
    • Change of visible artifacts: modifying physical aspects of the office environment like the design or dress codes to promote specific behaviours
    • Hire & Select: Recruiting individuals whose values and beliefs complement the desired organizational culture.

    Changing Organizational Cultures (continued)

    • Organizational cultures are often difficult to change. Multiple approaches can be employed to foster meaningful shifts.

    Ethics And Social Responsibility

    • Ethics are moral principles or values that distinguish right from wrong.
    • Ethical choices and decision-making encompass social interactions, personal accountability, and behaviour aligned with societal norms.

    Workplace Deviance

    • Workplace deviance refers to unethical behaviours that violate organizational norms regarding right and wrong.
    • Deviance ranges from minor to severe, affecting the organization or individuals within the organization.

    Types of Workplace Deviance

    • Production Deviance: detrimental to work quality and quantity (leaving early, excessive breaks, slow work, wasted resources).
    • Property Deviance: violating organizational property (sabotaging equipment, accepting bribes, lying about work hours, stealing company resources).
    • Political Deviance: exploiting organizational influence to harm others (favoritism, gossip, blaming coworkers).
    • Personal Aggression: involves hostile or aggressive conduct toward others (sexual harassment, verbal abuse, intimidating colleagues).

    Task 2

    • A hypothetical scenario where managers encounter workplace deviance allows for the consideration of ethical decision-making, their subsequent actions, and influencing factors.

    Influences on Ethical Decision Making

    • Ethical intensity is the level of concern relating to an ethical issue. Six factors contributing to ethical intensity include magnitude of consequences, social consensus, probability of effect, temporal immediacy, proximity of effect, and concentration of effect.

    Principles of Ethical Decision Making

    • Long-term self-interest: decision alignment with organizational long-term benefits.
    • Religious injunctions: adherence to moral principles promoting kindness and community.
    • Government requirements: compliance with legal obligations to maintain moral standards.
    • Individual rights: upholding the rights of individuals is essential.
    • Personal virtue: exhibiting integrity, honesty, openness, and truthfulness.
    • Distributive justice: taking actions that do not harm the most vulnerable.

    A Basic Model of Ethical Decision Making

    • Six steps to resolve an ethical dilemma are identifying the problem, stakeholders involved, diagnosing the situation, analysing options, making a decision, and acting decisively while accepting potential mistakes.

    Social Responsibility

    • Social responsibility is a concept introduced in 1953, representing a company's obligation to implement policies, make decisions, and/or take actions that benefit society.

    Two Perspectives on Social Responsibility

    • Shareholder model: prioritizes profit maximization for shareholders
    • Stakeholder model: emphasizes long-term company survival and addressing the interests of multiple stakeholders.

    Stakeholder Model of Corporate Social Responsibility

    • Primary stakeholders are entities vital to the organization's long-term survival (employees, shareholders, customers, and suppliers).
    • Secondary stakeholders are entities that can influence the organization or have an impact on its public perception (communities, government, and NGOs)..

    Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

    • CSR is a self-regulating model through which organizations show social accountability to various stakeholders.
    • Acting ethically and by practicing corporate citizenship means being mindful, respectful, and responsible towards social, economic, and environmental aspects. CSR is usually a core value of large companies.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Description

    Explore the various forms of businesses and their roles in society through this quiz. Learn about the market, government, and voluntary sectors, and understand how these entities transform inputs into outputs to meet societal needs amidst scarcity. Assess your knowledge of the fundamental concepts of business practices and organizational environments.

    More Like This

    L'Impresa come Sistema e Ambiente
    40 questions
    Change Management Systems Overview
    24 questions
    UD 2. La empresa y su entorno.
    90 questions
    Information System Strategy Quiz
    48 questions
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser