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Questions and Answers
Hepatitis A virus is a circular ssRNA virus.
Hepatitis A virus is a circular ssRNA virus.
False
Hepatitis B virus can be transmitted through fecal–oral transmission.
Hepatitis B virus can be transmitted through fecal–oral transmission.
False
Hepatitis C virus is a nonenveloped virus.
Hepatitis C virus is a nonenveloped virus.
False
Hepatitis D virus can infect a person independently without HBV infection.
Hepatitis D virus can infect a person independently without HBV infection.
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Hepatitis E virus is primarily transmitted through sexual contact.
Hepatitis E virus is primarily transmitted through sexual contact.
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Genital herpes is caused by HSV-3.
Genital herpes is caused by HSV-3.
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Hepatitis B virus is a linear ssRNA virus.
Hepatitis B virus is a linear ssRNA virus.
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Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through infected blood and body fluids.
Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through infected blood and body fluids.
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Hepatitis C virus is primarily transmitted through sexual contact.
Hepatitis C virus is primarily transmitted through sexual contact.
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Genital herpes can be transmitted through oral–genital contact only when lesions are present.
Genital herpes can be transmitted through oral–genital contact only when lesions are present.
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Study Notes
How Do Viruses Cause Disease?
- Viruses multiply within host cells, causing cell destruction during their escape, leading to symptoms of a viral infection
- Symptoms vary depending on the location of the infection
Viral Infections of the Skin
- Chickenpox and shingles: caused by Varicella-zoster virus (DNA virus, also known as human herpesvirus 3)
- German measles (rubella): caused by Rubella virus (RNA virus)
- Measles (hard measles, rubeola): caused by Measles (rubeola) virus (RNA virus)
- Monkeypox: caused by Monkeypox virus (DNA virus)
- Smallpox: caused by Variola virus (DNA virus)
- Warts: caused by at least 70 different types of human papillomaviruses (HPV, DNA viruses)
Viral Infections of the Eyes
- Adenoviral conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis: caused by various types of adenoviruses
- Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses can also cause keratoconjunctivitis
- Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis: caused by adenoviruses and enteroviruses
- Retinitis: mostly caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Viral Infections of the Respiratory System
- Common cold (acute viral rhinitis, acute coryza): caused by many different viruses, including rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus, influenza viruses, adenoviruses, and enteroviruses
- Viral infections of the lower respiratory tract:
- Acute, febrile, viral respiratory disease: caused by parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, rhinoviruses, certain coronaviruses, coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses
- Avian influenza (bird flu): caused by avian influenza virus type A
- Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): caused by at least five different hantaviruses
- Influenza (flu): caused by influenza viruses, types A, B, and C
- Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): caused by MERS-associated coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
Viral Infections of the Oral Region
- Cold sores (fever blisters, herpes labialis): usually caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), but can be caused by herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2)
Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Viral gastroenteritis (viral enteritis, viral diarrhea): caused by enteric adenoviruses, astroviruses, sapoviruses, caliciviruses, and rotaviruses
- Transmission occurs via infected humans, most often by way of the fecal–oral route, and possibly from contaminated water and shellfish
Viral Infections of the Genitourinary System
- Viral hepatitis:
- Type A hepatitis (HAV infection, infectious hepatitis, epidemic hepatitis): caused by Hepatitis A virus (HAV), with fecal–oral transmission
- Type B hepatitis (HBV infection, serum hepatitis): caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV), with sexual transmission or household contact with an infected person
- Type C hepatitis (HCV infection, non-A non-B hepatitis): caused by Hepatitis C virus (HCV), primarily parenterally transmitted
- Type D hepatitis (HDV infection, delta hepatitis): caused by Hepatitis D virus (HDV, delta virus), with exposure to infected blood and body fluids
- Type E hepatitis: caused by Hepatitis E virus (HEV), with fecal–oral transmission
- Viral STDs:
- Anogenital herpes viral infections (genital herpes): caused by either HSV-1 or HSV-2, transmitted via infected humans by direct sexual contact
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Description
This chapter covers the introduction to viral infections, how viruses cause disease, and viral infections of various human systems such as skin, ears, eyes, respiratory, oral, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, circulatory, and central nervous systems.
