Questions and Answers
Which symptom indicates a 2nd degree burn?
What is the primary treatment for a minor burn (1st Degree)?
What should be done if blisters form after a 2nd degree burn?
In the case of a 3rd degree burn, which treatment step is NOT recommended?
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What is the recommended action if shock occurs due to a burn?
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For which type of burn is it particularly important to prevent burned surfaces from growing together?
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Which of the following liquids is suggested for a burned person to drink?
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What immediate action should be taken when dealing with a deep burn?
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What is the key feature of diabetes mellitus?
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Which type of diabetes is characterized by the absence of endogenous insulin?
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Type 2 diabetes is primarily associated with obesity and sedentary lifestyle.
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What happens to glucose in the bloodstream when insulin is absent?
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List two microvascular complications associated with diabetes.
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Which demographic has a higher risk for type 2 diabetes?
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The treatment for mild hypoglycemia includes administering __ g of carbohydrate.
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What is metabolic syndrome thought to be a precursor to?
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In diabetics, high levels of plasma amino acids can contribute to gout.
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What should be administered to an unconscious diabetic patient suspected of hypoglycemia?
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Study Notes
Prevention of Burns
- Keep small babies away from fires to prevent accidents.
- Store lamps and matches out of children's reach to minimize fire hazards.
Types of Burns
-
Minor Burns (1st Degree)
- Characterized by pain without blister formation.
- Treatment includes immersing the burn in cold water, taking aspirin for pain relief, with no further intervention required.
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Blister Burns (2nd Degree)
- Symptoms include painful blisters.
- Treatment involves:
- Avoiding the breaking of blisters.
- Maintaining cleanliness and protecting the area from contaminants.
- Gently washing broken blisters with soap and cooled boiled water.
- Using sterilized Vaseline on sterile gauze for cover; if Vaseline is unavailable, leave exposed.
- Avoid grease or butter; consider ointments like Silver-Ex.
-
Deep Burns (3rd Degree)
- Result in destruction of skin and exposure of raw or charred flesh, posing serious risks especially if extensive.
- Treatment includes:
- Monitoring for signs of infection (pus, bad smell, fever, swollen lymph nodes).
- Applying warm saltwater compresses (1 teaspoon salt per 1 liter water) thrice daily.
- Boiling water and cloth before use.
- Carefully removing dead skin and applying antibiotic ointments like Neosporin.
- In severe cases, antibiotics such as Penicillin or Ampicillin may be necessary.
Effects of Burns
-
Shock
- Can result from pain, fear, or fluid loss due to oozing from burns.
Joints Burns
- Utilize gauze pads with Vaseline to separate burned surfaces, preventing fusion during healing (e.g., inter-finger burns).
Precautions for Burn Care
- Offer comfort and reassurance to the injured person to avoid shock.
- Provide aspirin for pain relief and bathe open wounds in slightly saline water.
- Ensure adequate fluid intake with a solution of salt, bicarbonate of soda, and sugar/honey to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance.
- Emphasize high-protein foods for nutritional support.
- Immediate hospitalization is critical for serious burns.
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
- Chronic metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose regulation.
- Hyperglycemia is a key feature, primarily due to insufficient insulin action.
- Complications can be vascular (blood vessels) and neurological (nervous system).
Type 1 Diabetes
- Defined by the absence of endogenous (internal) insulin production.
- Often referred to as juvenile-onset diabetes due to its prevalence in young individuals.
- Autoimmune response may be triggered by viral infections or factors damaging beta cells.
- Patients require lifelong exogenous insulin for management.
Type 2 Diabetes
- Characterized by inadequate endogenous insulin and the body's inability to utilize insulin effectively.
- Beta cells become desensitized to hyperglycemia, leading to diminished insulin response.
- More common in adults but increasingly diagnosed in children.
- Managed through lifestyle changes (diet and exercise) and may require oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin.
Role of Insulin
- Glucose Metabolism: Insulin facilitates glucose uptake into cells; absence leads to increased blood glucose levels and prevents glucose modulation.
- Fluid Regulation: Elevated blood glucose causes increased osmolality, stimulating thirst while retaining fluid in circulation.
- Renal Effects: High glucose levels in the kidneys result in osmotic diuresis, increasing urine output.
- Fat Metabolism: Promotes fatty acid synthesis; lack of insulin causes fat breakdown and elevated triglycerides, leading to atherosclerosis.
- Protein Metabolism: Insulin enhances protein synthesis; deficiency can cause protein degradation, increased amino acids in the blood, and risk of gout.
Risk Factors for Diabetes
- Obesity and sedentary lifestyle predispose individuals to diabetes.
- Family history, age (40+ years), and gestational diabetes history increase risk.
- Delivering an infant over 10 lbs elevates risk.
- Ethnic disparities: African Americans, Latin Americans, and American Indians have higher risk factors.
- Other factors include polycystic ovary syndrome, cardiovascular issues, and metabolic syndrome.
Complications of Diabetes
-
Microvascular:
- Retinopathy: Damage in the retina associated with diabetes.
- Neuropathy: Peripheral nerve damage causing weakness and numbness.
- Nephropathy: Kidney damage resulting from chronic hyperglycemia.
- Macrovascular: Increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD), strokes (CVA), and peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
Foot Complications
- Diabetes complications may arise from neuropathy or inadequate blood supply.
- Risks include mechanical irritation, thermal injury, and chemical irritation.
Long-Term Management and Prevention
- ADA guidelines suggest maintaining blood pressure at 70-100 mg/dL for various age groups.
- In emergencies, glucagon or dextrose may be administered to manage hypoglycemia.
Medical Treatment Approach
- Unconscious diabetic patients should be assessed for hypoglycemia and treated with 50 mL of 50% glucose solution.
- For mild hypoglycemia, administer 15 g of carbohydrate; if no improvement in 10 minutes, repeat dose.
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Description
This quiz covers various types of burns including minor burns, blisters, and deep burns, as well as the appropriate prevention methods and treatments for each type. Learn how to effectively manage burns and understand the symptoms associated with different burn degrees.
