Builder Software Operations Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What data formats can be imported for well trajectory information in Builder?

  • Only Excel files
  • Only proprietary file formats
  • Multiple formats including various commercial software (correct)
  • Any commercial software files

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Production Wizard in Builder?

  • To visualize geological data
  • To manage electronic records of perforated intervals
  • To calculate gas saturations directly
  • To import and handle production data from various sources (correct)

How can production data be averaged in Builder?

  • Only through manual calculations outside the software
  • Daily and weekly only
  • On a monthly, yearly, or custom basis (correct)
  • Only on a yearly basis

What aspect of well perforations can be addressed within Builder?

<p>A history of perforated intervals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gas saturation determination involve in the context provided?

<p>Subtraction of measured data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Formula Manager in Builder?

<p>To generate and assign new properties based on existing data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT mentioned as an interpolation technique available in Builder?

<p>Linear regression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can property values in Builder be modified for modeling purposes?

<p>Through direct modifications or multiplicative adjustments to individual block values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is essential in determining if a fault can be modeled in Builder?

<p>The visibility of the fault from seismic data or well tests. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operation can be performed in Builder to modify properties in grid cells?

<p>Holding down a key while selecting multiple blocks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of file is indicated by the extension .dat in the simulator data organization?

<p>Simulator input file required for flow calculations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which file extension is associated with graphical post-processing according to the information provided?

<p>.ses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the CMG Launcher?

<p>To organize folders and files, and submit jobs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following CMG software levels includes CO2 sequestration in GEM?

<p>Level 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the BUILDER tool in the simulator data organization?

<p>To convert data between various formats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which recovery phase is characterized by natural depletion?

<p>Primary Recovery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following file types is specifically used for storing historical data intended for superimposing on simulated results?

<p>.fhf (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which application is not listed as a Level 1 prerequisite in CMG software?

<p>GEM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data does the .mrf file extension represent in the context of simulator outputs?

<p>Binary data containing simulator results (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of folder organization, what is one of the primary functionalities of the CMG Launcher?

<p>To access user manuals and documents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the .3tp file format?

<p>Template file for reservoir display processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of modeling is associated with Level 3 in CMG software?

<p>Chemical flooding in STARS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of overall organization does the CMG directory provide for simulator data?

<p>Organized by file types and their purposes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reservoir process is linked to thermal maintenance in secondary recovery?

<p>Water flooding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The .log file in the simulator context serves what primary function?

<p>Recording errors during simulations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the CMG Launcher?

<p>Tracking thermodynamic properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a radial grid typically contain?

<p>Regular grid data including fault lines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following software primarily focuses on geological modeling?

<p>Gocad (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contour maps are characterized by what type of data representation?

<p>Connected points forming lines with values (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of quick pattern grids?

<p>They quickly create available pattern types with appropriate producer and injector placements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines scattered data points in reservoir data collection?

<p>They appear in a non-regular, sparse format (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is NOT typically included in rescue models?

<p>Temperature profiles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of grid is recommended for representing faults and well locations in a structured manner?

<p>Radial grid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which software is known for producing 2D maps in geological modeling?

<p>Petrel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of explicitly modelling a layer of cells in shale?

<p>To allow for direct modelling of flow and hydrocarbon volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of grid refinement can be performed in Builder for better saturation distributions?

<p>Cartesian and hybrid refinements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a sector define in the context of reservoir modelling?

<p>Individual reporting areas for production/injection data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which constraint automatically triggers the removal of problematic cells in Builder?

<p>PINCHOUT-TOL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approaches can Builder use for PVT modelling?

<p>Laboratory Results or Limited Data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which PVT description model is primarily used for volatile oil systems?

<p>EOS PVT description (GEM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be included in relative permeability modelling within Builder?

<p>Rock type and wettability alterations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which initial conditions are crucial for modelling in a reservoir?

<p>Location of water and gas-oil contacts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What calculation method is used for determining pressures and saturations in grid blocks?

<p>Gravity-capillary equilibrium calculations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Builder, what happens when there are gaps in the grid?

<p>Flow cannot be accurately modelled (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key function of combining and splitting layers in Builder?

<p>To improve the accuracy of lithological representation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the hysteresis phenomenon affect in rock-fluid models?

<p>Relative permeability functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the reservoir pressure value specified upon initialization?

<p>To set baseline conditions for later analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the use of map files important in fault modelling?

<p>They allow for importing faults accurately (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

CMG Software Levels

CMG software has different learning levels, starting with basic IMEX/Builder/Results, progressing to advanced topics like CO2 Sequestration, and culminating in advanced geomechanics and wellbore modeling.

CMG Software Topics

CMG software covers various reservoir simulation topics, addressing primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery methods, including natural depletion, pressure maintenance, thermal, chemical, and immiscible processes.

CMG Launcher Functionality

The CMG Launcher manages files, projects, and simulators, allowing users to submit jobs, interact with CMG and external applications, and access manuals and documents.

CMG Launcher Sections

The CMG Launcher organizes information into sections, showing folders, project data, CMG products, and scheduler information (queued, running, completed jobs).

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Simulator Data Organization

CMG software manages how data is structured within the software. This involves how folders and files are organized, for easier data management and retrieval.

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CMG Builder

The CMG Builder is a part of the software used for creating models and setting up reservoir simulations.

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CMG IMEX

The CMG IMEX module, part of the CMG software suite, focuses on a specific type of interaction or application.

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Reservoir Properties

Characteristics of a reservoir, like permeability and porosity, that affect fluid flow.

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Formula Manager

A tool in Builder used to create and assign new reservoir properties, often linking them to other properties (e.g., permeability related to porosity).

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Constant Values

Simple reservoir models might use a single, average value for properties, like in a core flood model.

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Properties Interpolation

Creating more realistic reservoir property distributions by using available data points (like well logs) to estimate values in between.

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Geostatistics

Methods used in Builder (e.g., Kriging, Gaussian) to help create realistic, 3D distributions of reservoir properties.

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Property Modification

Changing reservoir properties in grid cells or regions (e.g., adjusting permeability near wells for model improvement).

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Fault Modeling

Creating a representation of faults in a reservoir model, based on seismic data or well test information.

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Scale of Fault

Determining the significance of a fault based on its visibility in seismic data or well tests and throw (vertical displacement).

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Implicit Fault

Faults that are not directly visible but modelled and taken into account with tools like TRANSI.

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Simulator Input File

A file (.dat) containing information needed for simulator flow calculations.

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Additional Input Files

Files (.inc and .fhf) that provide further data referenced by the main input file.

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Historical Data File

A file (.fhf) that stores historical data for comparison with simulation results.

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Simulator Output File

A file (.out) containing the results of the simulation in text format.

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Binary Data File of Results

A file (.mrf) containing the simulator results in binary format.

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Restart File

A file (.rstr.irf) that allows resuming a previous simulation.

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Post-Processing Template (Line Plots)

A file (.ses) template for creating line plots from the simulation data (Visualizing data).

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Post-Processing Template (Reservoir Displays)

A file (.3tp) template for creating reservoir displays from the simulation data.

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CMG Builder

Software tool for constructing reservoir models, integrating static and dynamic properties.

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Eclipse to IMEX Conversion

Process of converting Eclipse simulation datasets to IMEX format using the BUILDER.

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IMEX to GEM/STARS Conversion

Process of converting IMEX datasets to GEM or STARS formats using the BUILDER.

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Reservoir Structure

The arrangement of rock layers, faults, and folds within a reservoir.

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Reservoir Properties

The characteristics of the reservoir rocks, including porosity, permeability, and water distribution.

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Cartesian Grid

A grid system not on an even grid, often used for sparse data like well picks.

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Corner Point Gridding

A system like Cartesian Grid, not on an even grid, often used for sparse data like well picks.

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Quick Pattern Grid

A grid that is efficiently created for simulations with locations for producers and injectors.

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Radial Grid

An even, orthogonal grid with data measured at each point, potentially including well locations and faults.

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Scattered Data Points

Data points not on a regular grid, often representing sparse observations like well measurements.

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Contour Map

A map of connected points with values representing the contour of a given property.

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Mesh Map

A gridded map with values represented at each cell.

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Geological Modelling Software

Software that creates 3D grids and models of reservoir properties.

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Rescue Model

A 3D model containing reservoir properties like porosity and permeability.

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Porosity

The percentage of void space in a rock.

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Permeability

The ability of a rock to allow fluids to flow through it.

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Gas Saturation Determination

Calculating the proportion of a reservoir's pore space filled with gas compared to other fluids like oil and water.

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Well Trajectories

The paths of wells, often represented by measured depths and coordinates (x,y).

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Well Perforations

The intervals in a well where production/injection occurs.

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Production/Injection Data

Historical data on the flow rate of fluids (oil, gas, or water) in/out of a well.

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Importing Production Data

The process of bringing in production data from different sources.

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Production Wizard

A tool to import production data in Builder.

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Explicit Fault

A fault model where grid cells are directly assigned to represent the fault.

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Point Distributed Grids

Grids that allow precise modeling of fault traces without losing their integrity.

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Transmissibility Multiplier

A parameter used to control the flow across faults in reservoir models, with a value of 0 specifying no flow.

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Transmissibility Barrier

A quicker method of representing thin shale layers in a reservoir model, restricting fluid flow through the layers.

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Explicit Layer of Cells

A method for modeling extensive shale horizons in reservoirs that allows modeling flow and hydrocarbon volume directly.

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Grid Refinement

Improving the resolution of saturation distributions in reservoir models, useful for well studies of water/gas conning effects.

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Sectors

Define individual reporting areas for reservoir simulations to quantify changes in production/injection and fluid in place values, particularly useful for pilot tests or multiple formations/regions

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Quality Control on Grid and Properties

Automatic removal of problematic cells and ability for manual removal of problem cells or assigning values to NULL cells, in order to improve grid construction.

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Combining and Splitting Layers

Methods to combine or split reservoir layers to modify properties.

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Laboratory Results (Winprop)

Detailed PVT data from experiments, containing composition information and experimental data.

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Limited Data (Correlations)

Simplified method for modeling PVT using gas and oil properties, limited experimental data. Reservoir temperature and pressure are needed.

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"Black-oil" PVT

A simplified PVT model for primary depletion, waterflooding, and immiscible gas injection (pseudo-miscible).

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EOS PVT

A PVT model used for more complex processes such as miscible gas injection (solvents/CO2), volatile oil and gas condensate systems.

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Relative Permeability Curves

Models describing the relationship between fluid flow and saturation in reservoir rock.

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Multiple Rock Types

Reservoir models that contain multiple types and lithologies of rock to be consistent with field data.

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Wettability Alteration

Changes in the interaction between fluids and rock surfaces that can affect recovery mechanisms.

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Hysteresis

A phenomenon that describes the dependence of saturation on pressure or capillary pressure in reservoir models.

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Reservoir Pressure at Datum Depth

The initial reservoir pressure measured at a standard reference depth.

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Initial Water and Gas Oil Contacts

Initial positions of the water and gas-oil contacts defining the fluid distributions in the reservoir.

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Multiple W-O and G-O Contacts

The presence of multiple water-oil and gas-oil contacts.

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Study Notes

Introduction to CMG's Modelling Workflows

  • CMG software is a suite of computer modelling tools.
  • The workflow involves pre-processing, simulation, and post-processing.

Agenda

  • CMG software
  • CMG Launcher
  • Simulator data organization
  • Builder
  • Sections
  • Applications
  • IMEX
  • Applications
  • Hands-on exercises

CMG Software

  • WinProp: Fluid characterization software
  • IMEX: Black Oil Simulator
  • GEM: Compositional Simulator
  • STARS: Thermal Simulator
  • CMOST: Optimization software
  • Pre Processor (Builder): Input data preparation and data organization
  • Simulators: Perform simulations
  • Post Processor: Results analysis (Graphs, 3D, Reports)

CMG Software Levels

  • Level 1: Introduction to WinProp, STARS, IMEX/Builder/Results, and CMOST
  • Level 2: CO2 sequestration in GEM, CBM in GEM, Shale Gas in GEM
  • Level 3: Chemical Flood in STARS, SAGD in STARS, Geomechanics in STARS & GEM, Wellbore Modelling, CO2,EOR

CMG Software

  • Project Manager (Launcher): Software management
  • Pre/Post Processors: Data processing
  • Builder: Constructing data sets from different input type and converting them to others.
  • Results 3D, Results Graph, Results Report: Result display.
  • Model Conversion: Converting existing models from one type to compatible ones.
  • ECL 100 Import Assistant: Specific import for ECL 100.
  • Reservoir Simulators: IMEX (Black Oil), GEM (EOS Compositional and Geomechanical), and STARS (K-value Compositional, Thermal and Geomechanical)
  • History Match, Optimization, Sensitivity & Uncertainty Assessment: Additional analysis tasks
  • Phase Behavior: Analyzing phase behavior of different components in reservoirs
  • WinProp: Analyze phase behavior for components and compounds in particular cases

CMG software

  • World oil reserves (70 percent) are unconventional.
  • This is a key expertise of CMG.

CMG Software, Simulators

  • Reservoir life cycles: Different stages of recovery (Primary Recovery, Secondary Recovery, Tertiary Recovery).
  • Natural Depletion: Natural depletion of reservoir.
  • Pressure Maintenance
  • Gas Water: Gas & water injection
  • Thermal Processes
  • Chemical Processes
  • Immiscible Processes

CMG Launcher

  • Organize folders and files
  • Submit jobs and simulators
  • Interact with CMG and external applications
  • Access to user manuals and documents

Simulator Data Organization

  • CMG directory structure: Product, Version, Documentation and examples
  • Basic file extensions: .dat, .inc, .fhf, .out, .irf, .mrf, .rstr.irf, and .log.
  • .ses, .3tp: Post-processing for lines and reservoir displays

Builder

  • Main features: Conversion from Eclipse format to IMEX/GEM/STARS
  • Reservoir section: Reservoir structure (tops, Layers, faults), Reservoir properties (different geological properties such as porosity, permeability and water distribution).
  • Reservoir types: Cartesian, Corner point gridding, Quick pattern grid, and Radial.
  • Reservoir properties: Scattered data points, Contour maps of 2D surface, Mesh maps.

Builder, Reservoir Section

  • Geological and geostatistical programs: EDS, Gocad, Roxar, IRAP RMS, Schlumberger, Petrel, Landmark, Stratamodel, Earthvision
  • Typical rescue models: Include porosity, permeability.

Builder, Reservoir Section

  • Formulas manager: Generates and assigns new property values (example permeability as a function of porosity).
  • Constant values: Some simple models can use an average single value.

Builder, Reservoir Section

  • Properties interpolation and geostatistics
  • Different algorithms / methods: Kriging, Gaussian
  • Properties modification

Builder, Modeling Faults

  • Scale of fault: Seismic or well tests, significant throw
  • Implicit fault: Transmissibility Multiplier = 0
  • Explicit fault: Grid cell dislocation
  • Point distributed grids: Allow fault traces.
  • Default faults: Sand-to-sand connections specified.
  • Import faults: Map files to implement faults.

Builder, Modelling Shale

  • Explicit layer of cells; Allows modelling of flow and hydrocarbon volume, transmissibility barriers
  • Quicker modelling of thin horizons.
  • Gaps in grid

Builder, Grid Refinements

  • Refinements for better resolution of saturation distributions
  • Useful in well studies for water or gas conning effects
  • Cartesian and hybrid refinements

Builder, Sectors

  • Used to quantify production/injection changes
  • Useful in pilot tests/reservoir with multiple formations.
  • Individual reports per sector.

Builder, Quality control on grid and properties

  • Automatic removal of problematic cells
  • Manual removal of problem cells
  • Combining and splitting layers: Splitting and combining layers with different methods.

Builder, Components Section

  • PVT modeling (Laboratory Results, Winprop); Includes composition, experiments, differential liberation, separator test.
  • Limited data (correlations): Basics info related to gas and oil densities, Saturation Pressure, Reservoir Temperature

Builder, Rock-Fluid Section

  • Relative permeability curves and different phenomena
  • Multiple rock types & lithotypes
  • Capillary pressure, wettability alteration
  • Hysteresis, interpolations between Kr curves
  • End-point scaling
  • 3pt scaling
  • Three phases models: Stone 1 and 2, Linear interpolation, Linear isoperm, Adsorption, End-point scaling, 3pt scaling

Builder, Initial Conditions

  • Original conditions in reservoir
  • Reservoir pressure at datum depth
  • Position of water and gas oil contacts
  • Mulitple: contacts, PVT regions, bubble points, gas cap initialization, initialization regions separate from PVT regions Calculations Methods: Vertical depth-ave, User-Input

Builder, Wells & Recurrent

  • Well Trajectories: Measured data, Different formats
  • Well Perforations: History added to well trajectories
  • Production/Injection data: Import simple/robust data, Any number of wells, Options to monthly/yearly averages, Create history files
  • Well constraints: Fixed constraints for prediction(liquid rate, BHP, WHP, Alter History)
  • Import & handle well models from commercial software.
  • Groups: Cycling groups, Voidage Replacement, Injection/production per group, Pressure Maintenance, Recycling Option
  • Triggers: Monitoring reservoir conditions, Execute specific actions (reservoir pressures, injection rates, wells etc.), Can be applied to groups, sectors, wells

Builder, Built in Wizards

  • Wizards to generate fractures
  • Non Darcy Flow options (Geertsma, Frederick, Graves)
  • General use table coefficients for non-Darcy flow as function of saturation and K.

IMEX

  • Variety of reservoir recovery applications (primary, waterflood, advanced EOR, hydraulic fractures, sea water injection, multi-PVT regions)
  • Reservoir interactions: Different aquifers, Analytical aquifer pressure support including Fetkovitch, Carter-Tracy. Bottom, boundary or edge drive with leak-off, apply Aquifer to reservoir boundary, fractured Reservoirs (Fracture-Matrix, Matrix-Matrix Connections, Dual Porosity and permeability)
  • Grid Features: Block groups, Ease of history matching/or changing properties in and around fractures, fracture keywords, size reduction.
  • Different Fluid model types: Black Oil, Oil-Water, Pseudo-Miscible, Polymer, API tracking, solvent.

IMEX

  • Sophisticated solvers & Technology, Parallelization, Static Amalgamation

IMEX, Advanced Well Features

  • Run on current constraint without violation checking (Useful in new OUTBOARD option to operate wells externally)
  • Specify well geometry globally (Example: Applying a skin factor to a certain group of wells)
  • Intelligent Segmented Wells: Can handle gas lift, recirculating well, complex well geometry, multiple branches, multiple tubing strings, any shape wells, Accurate calculation (includes modelling equipment), smart wells (passive and active)

IMEX, Comprehensive Graphical & Text Output

  • Flux and velocity vectors, Streamlines representations
  • User-defined variables, Restart records for resuming jobs, Efficient calculation.

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Introduction to CMG's Modelling Workflows PDF

Description

This quiz covers key functionalities and operations within the Builder software, focusing on well trajectory information, production data averaging, and property modifications. Test your knowledge on the purpose of the Production Wizard and the capabilities of the Formula Manager.

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