BSC 2010 Exam 1 Review Worksheet Fall 2024

Questions and Answers

Which term best describes the concept that physical traits are passed from parents to offspring due to genetic inheritance?

Adaptive radiation

Genetic inheritance (correct)

Phenotypic variation

Natural selection

What type of bonds are crucial in forming proteins and are created during the process of dehydration synthesis?

Disulfide bonds

Peptide bonds (correct)

Hydrogen bonds

Ionic bonds

Which level of biological organization includes both communities and populations?

Biome

Organism

Ecosystem (correct)

Biosphere

Which process is associated with breaking down polymers into monomers through the addition of water?

Hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms is characterized by the presence of membrane-bound organelles?

Eukarya Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when pairs of valence electrons are shared between two atoms?

Covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond occurs due to the attraction between two oppositely charged ions?

Ionic bond Signup and view all the answers

When the proton number and electron number are unequal, what term describes the atom or molecule?

Ion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the components of a nucleotide is FALSE?

Nucleotides contain a peptidyl bond. Signup and view all the answers

How many covalent bonds can a Carbon atom typically form?

Four Signup and view all the answers

What type of macromolecule are enzymes primarily classified as?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the difference between unsaturated and saturated fats?

Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains. Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of nitrogenous bases in DNA is held together by two hydrogen bonds?

Adenine and Thymine Signup and view all the answers

Which part of an amino acid's basic structure determines its unique functional characteristics?

R- Group Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the primary functions of lipids?

Energy Storage Signup and view all the answers

In nucleotides, which part is responsible for the vast variation among different organisms?

Nitrogenous Base Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily involved in synthesizing proteins that may be exported from the cell?

Rough ER Signup and view all the answers

What would be the consequence if lysosomes ceased to function correctly?

Accumulation of waste materials Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contains the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules?

Cilia Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by large numbers of ribosomes in a cell?

Production of proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is known to have its own DNA and ribosomes?

Mitochondrion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the scientific method?

To make observations and form hypotheses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of a prokaryotic cell?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the arrangement of various components within a cell membrane?

Fluid Mosaic Model Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bonding occurs when electrons are shared between atoms?

Covalent bonding Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of hypotonic solutions?

Low concentration of solute compared to the cell Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

Presence of a nuclear envelope Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

Passive movement of molecules through a membrane via specific proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the endomembrane system?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ribosomes?

To synthesize proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which process does NOT require energy?

Facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'selective permeability' refer to?

The ability to allow specific molecules to pass while blocking others Signup and view all the answers

How do ion bonds differ from covalent bonds?

Ionic bonds involve transfer of electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the cytosol?

It is the liquid component of the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence proteins follow for processing and export from the cell?

ER → Golgi apparatus → secretory vesicle → cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a phospholipid in the plasma membrane?

It consists of a polar 'head' and 2 non-polar hydrocarbon chains. Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane?

Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the sodium-potassium pump mechanism?

Calcium ions facilitate the movement of potassium. Signup and view all the answers

Adjacent cells can communicate through direct contact and nearby cells communicate via what mechanisms?

Paracrine signals Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of taking in large amounts of material by a cell?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances cannot easily pass through the cell membrane?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which cytoskeletal component is described as the 'highway' for intracellular transport?

Microtubules Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1: Foundations of Biology

Biology is the study of life and living organisms.
DNA is the hereditary material in all known organisms.
Biological organization levels: atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere.
Genomics focuses on the study of all genes, while proteomics looks at all proteins produced.
Analogous structures arise from convergent evolution, while homologous structures derive from common ancestry.
Charles Darwin formulated the theory of natural selection based on evolutionary principles.

Chapter 2: Chemical Context of Life

Atoms with incomplete valence shells engage in bonding by sharing or transferring electrons.
Covalent bonds form when pairs of valence electrons are shared between atoms.
Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons, and hydrogen bonds occur between polar molecules.
Essential elements for life include carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
Isotopes have the same number of protons but differ in neutrons, affecting atomic mass.
Molecules consist of covalent bonds, with electronegativity influencing bond formation.

Chapter 3: Macromolecules

Four main macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
Carbohydrates serve for energy storage and structural support; examples include sugars and starch.
Proteins function in catalysis, transport, and structural roles; made of amino acids linked via peptide bonds.
Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information; composed of nucleotides (consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base).
Lipids include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids, crucial for energy storage and membrane structure.

Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles.
Key organelles: nucleus (houses genetic material), ribosomes (protein synthesis), mitochondria (energy production), and lysosomes (digestion).
The endosymbiotic theory suggests eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes.
Cell membranes possess selective permeability, allowing transport via diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of cell membranes with embedded proteins and phospholipids.

Chapter 5: Cell Signaling

Cell signaling can occur via direct contact or through release of signaling molecules, such as hormones.
The phospholipid bilayer is composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming a barrier to certain molecules.
Functions of the plasma membrane include protection, transport regulation, signal reception, and cell recognition.
Diffusion involves movement from areas of high to low concentration, driven by kinetic energy.
Active transport requires energy to move substances against concentration gradients, exemplified by the sodium-potassium pump.

Additional Key Concepts

Tonicity environments: hypotonic (cell gains water), hypertonic (cell loses water), isotonic (cell remains balanced).
Hydrolytic enzymes are present in lysosomes, crucial for breaking down waste materials.
The "highway" of the cytoskeleton involves microtubules essential for intracellular transport.
Ribosomes are abundant in cells that synthesize large amounts of protein.

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Description

Prepare for your BSC 2010 Exam 1 with this comprehensive review worksheet. It covers key concepts from Chapter 1 and Chapter 3, including essential biology terms and functional groups. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of DNA, polymers, and monomers.