BSC 2010 Exam 1 Review Worksheet Fall 2024
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Questions and Answers

Which term best describes the concept that physical traits are passed from parents to offspring due to genetic inheritance?

  • Adaptive radiation
  • Genetic inheritance (correct)
  • Phenotypic variation
  • Natural selection

What type of bonds are crucial in forming proteins and are created during the process of dehydration synthesis?

  • Disulfide bonds
  • Peptide bonds (correct)
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Ionic bonds

Which level of biological organization includes both communities and populations?

  • Biome
  • Organism
  • Ecosystem (correct)
  • Biosphere

Which process is associated with breaking down polymers into monomers through the addition of water?

<p>Hydrolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of organisms is characterized by the presence of membrane-bound organelles?

<p>Eukarya (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when pairs of valence electrons are shared between two atoms?

<p>Covalent bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond occurs due to the attraction between two oppositely charged ions?

<p>Ionic bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the proton number and electron number are unequal, what term describes the atom or molecule?

<p>Ion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the components of a nucleotide is FALSE?

<p>Nucleotides contain a peptidyl bond. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many covalent bonds can a Carbon atom typically form?

<p>Four (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of macromolecule are enzymes primarily classified as?

<p>Proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the difference between unsaturated and saturated fats?

<p>Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of nitrogenous bases in DNA is held together by two hydrogen bonds?

<p>Adenine and Thymine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of an amino acid's basic structure determines its unique functional characteristics?

<p>R- Group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the primary functions of lipids?

<p>Energy Storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In nucleotides, which part is responsible for the vast variation among different organisms?

<p>Nitrogenous Base (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily involved in synthesizing proteins that may be exported from the cell?

<p>Rough ER (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the consequence if lysosomes ceased to function correctly?

<p>Accumulation of waste materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contains the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules?

<p>Cilia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by large numbers of ribosomes in a cell?

<p>Production of proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is known to have its own DNA and ribosomes?

<p>Mitochondrion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the scientific method?

<p>To make observations and form hypotheses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of a prokaryotic cell?

<p>Nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the arrangement of various components within a cell membrane?

<p>Fluid Mosaic Model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bonding occurs when electrons are shared between atoms?

<p>Covalent bonding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of hypotonic solutions?

<p>Low concentration of solute compared to the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

<p>Presence of a nuclear envelope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

<p>Passive movement of molecules through a membrane via specific proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the endomembrane system?

<p>Golgi apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of ribosomes?

<p>To synthesize proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process does NOT require energy?

<p>Facilitated diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'selective permeability' refer to?

<p>The ability to allow specific molecules to pass while blocking others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ion bonds differ from covalent bonds?

<p>Ionic bonds involve transfer of electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the cytosol?

<p>It is the liquid component of the cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence proteins follow for processing and export from the cell?

<p>ER → Golgi apparatus → secretory vesicle → cell membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a phospholipid in the plasma membrane?

<p>It consists of a polar 'head' and 2 non-polar hydrocarbon chains. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane?

<p>Diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the sodium-potassium pump mechanism?

<p>Calcium ions facilitate the movement of potassium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adjacent cells can communicate through direct contact and nearby cells communicate via what mechanisms?

<p>Paracrine signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of taking in large amounts of material by a cell?

<p>Phagocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances cannot easily pass through the cell membrane?

<p>Glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytoskeletal component is described as the 'highway' for intracellular transport?

<p>Microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is biology?

The study of life and living organisms. It includes everything from the smallest microorganisms to the largest ecosystems.

What is DNA?

The hereditary material found in all known organisms. It carries the genetic information that determines an organism's traits.

What is an atom?

The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.

What is a molecule?

The arrangement of atoms into a specific structure, formed by the sharing or transfer of electrons between atoms.

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What is a cell?

The basic unit of life, capable of carrying out all the processes necessary for life. They can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

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What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function. Examples include muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and epithelial tissue.

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What is an organ?

A structure made up of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function. Examples include the heart, lungs, and brain.

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What is an organ system?

A group of organs that work together to carry out a major bodily function. Examples include the digestive system, circulatory system, and nervous system.

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What is an organism?

An individual living thing capable of independent survival. Examples include plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi.

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What is a population?

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. Examples include a herd of elephants, a flock of birds, or a colony of ants.

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What is a community?

A group of different populations (different species) living in the same area and interacting with each other. Examples include a forest ecosystem, a coral reef ecosystem, or a desert ecosystem.

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What is an ecosystem?

A system of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment. Examples include a forest, a lake, or a desert.

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What is the biosphere?

The sum of all ecosystems, including all living organisms and their physical surroundings on Earth.

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What is genomics?

The study of all genes within an organism or a group of organisms.

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What is proteomics?

The study of all proteins produced by an organism or a group of organisms. It examines the structure, function, and interactions of proteins.

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What are analogous structures?

Structures that have similar functions but different evolutionary origins. They arise by convergent evolution, where unrelated organisms evolve similar traits in response to similar environments.

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What are homologous structures?

Structures that have similar underlying anatomy and shared evolutionary origins but may have different functions. They derive from common ancestry, suggesting shared evolutionary history.

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What is natural selection?

The process by which organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to their offspring. It drives evolutionary change.

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What are covalent bonds?

Bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. This sharing results in a more stable configuration for the atoms involved.

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What are polar covalent bonds?

Covalent bonds where electrons are shared unequally between atoms due to differences in electronegativity. This creates a partial positive and partial negative charge within the molecule.

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What are hydrogen bonds?

Weak bonds that occur between polar molecules. They are formed by the attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a partially negative atom in another molecule.

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What are essential elements for life?

Elements that are essential for life, meaning they are required for the structure and function of living organisms. Examples include Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur.

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What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. They have the same chemical properties but differ in their atomic mass.

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What are macromolecules?

Large molecules made up of smaller repeating units called monomers. They are essential for the structure and function of living organisms.

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What are carbohydrates?

A type of macromolecule that serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms. They are also used for structural support. Examples include sugars, starches, and cellulose.

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What are proteins?

A type of macromolecule that plays crucial roles in almost all cellular processes. Functions include catalysis, transport, and structural support. They are made up of amino acid monomers.

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What are nucleic acids?

A type of macromolecule that stores and transmits genetic information. They are made up of nucleotide monomers, each consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

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What are lipids?

A diverse group of macromolecules that are characterized by their insolubility in water. They function in energy storage, membrane structure, and hormonal signaling. Examples include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.

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What are eukaryotic cells?

Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are more complex than prokaryotic cells.

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What are prokaryotic cells?

Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are simpler than eukaryotic cells but are still capable of carrying out all the essential functions of life.

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What is the nucleus?

The control center of eukaryotic cells, containing the genetic material (DNA). It regulates gene expression and governs cellular activity.

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What are ribosomes?

Small organelles found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They are the sites of protein synthesis, translating genetic information into proteins.

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What are mitochondria?

Organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are responsible for cellular respiration. They generate energy (ATP) from food molecules.

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What are lysosomes?

Organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are responsible for breaking down waste materials. They are like the 'recycling centers' of the cell.

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What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A theory that proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships between prokaryotic cells. It suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent prokaryotes that became engulfed by other cells.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Foundations of Biology

  • Biology is the study of life and living organisms.
  • DNA is the hereditary material in all known organisms.
  • Biological organization levels: atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere.
  • Genomics focuses on the study of all genes, while proteomics looks at all proteins produced.
  • Analogous structures arise from convergent evolution, while homologous structures derive from common ancestry.
  • Charles Darwin formulated the theory of natural selection based on evolutionary principles.

Chapter 2: Chemical Context of Life

  • Atoms with incomplete valence shells engage in bonding by sharing or transferring electrons.
  • Covalent bonds form when pairs of valence electrons are shared between atoms.
  • Polar covalent bonds involve unequal sharing of electrons, and hydrogen bonds occur between polar molecules.
  • Essential elements for life include carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
  • Isotopes have the same number of protons but differ in neutrons, affecting atomic mass.
  • Molecules consist of covalent bonds, with electronegativity influencing bond formation.

Chapter 3: Macromolecules

  • Four main macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
  • Carbohydrates serve for energy storage and structural support; examples include sugars and starch.
  • Proteins function in catalysis, transport, and structural roles; made of amino acids linked via peptide bonds.
  • Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information; composed of nucleotides (consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base).
  • Lipids include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids, crucial for energy storage and membrane structure.

Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function

  • Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles.
  • Key organelles: nucleus (houses genetic material), ribosomes (protein synthesis), mitochondria (energy production), and lysosomes (digestion).
  • The endosymbiotic theory suggests eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes.
  • Cell membranes possess selective permeability, allowing transport via diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
  • The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of cell membranes with embedded proteins and phospholipids.

Chapter 5: Cell Signaling

  • Cell signaling can occur via direct contact or through release of signaling molecules, such as hormones.
  • The phospholipid bilayer is composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming a barrier to certain molecules.
  • Functions of the plasma membrane include protection, transport regulation, signal reception, and cell recognition.
  • Diffusion involves movement from areas of high to low concentration, driven by kinetic energy.
  • Active transport requires energy to move substances against concentration gradients, exemplified by the sodium-potassium pump.

Additional Key Concepts

  • Tonicity environments: hypotonic (cell gains water), hypertonic (cell loses water), isotonic (cell remains balanced).
  • Hydrolytic enzymes are present in lysosomes, crucial for breaking down waste materials.
  • The "highway" of the cytoskeleton involves microtubules essential for intracellular transport.
  • Ribosomes are abundant in cells that synthesize large amounts of protein.

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Prepare for your BSC 2010 Exam 1 with this comprehensive review worksheet. It covers key concepts from Chapter 1 and Chapter 3, including essential biology terms and functional groups. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of DNA, polymers, and monomers.

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