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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of euchromatin regions in chromosomes?
What is the purpose of condensins, topoisomerase, and cohesins during mitosis?
What is the purpose of FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) in karyotyping?
What is the result of aneuploidy in a cell?
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What is the process of re-annealing complementary DNA strands after denaturation called?
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What type of DNA is rich in A-T bases and is more susceptible to compacting?
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What is the purpose of mini-satellites and micro-satellites in the genome?
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What is the primary function of transposons in the genome?
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What is the mechanism used by DNA transposons to move from one location to another in the genome?
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What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA in the cell?
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Study Notes
Heterochromatin and Euchromatin
- Heterochromatin is more compact and darker, with DNA in a 100% compact form.
- Euchromatin is lighter, more open, and more accessible, with DNA in a more relaxed form, which is important for gene expression.
Chromatin Structure and Mitosis
- Chromatin compactation is necessary for correct chromosome distribution during mitosis.
- Three elements are necessary for chromatin condensation: condensins, topoisomerase, and cohesins.
Karyotype
- A karyotype is the complete set of chromosomes in a human somatic cell, consisting of 23 pairs of chromosomes.
- Each chromosome can be marked with a specific color using FISH, which recognizes specific DNA sequences.
- FISH allows for the detection of chromosomes with specific sequences.
Aneuploidy
- Aneuploidy is a condition where there are changes in the number or structure of chromosomes, deviating from the normal 23 pairs.
- Aneuploidy can occur due to errors in chromosomal segregation during mitosis.
- Aneuploidy can lead to genetic variability, contributing to the development and progression of cancer.
Chromatin Organization
- Chromatin is organized into territories, with specific regions being more favorable for gene expression.
- Chromatin can form loops, allowing genes to interact with other regions of the genome.
- Chromatin organization can change during cell division.
Renaturation of DNA
- Renaturation of DNA is the process of re-annealing complementary DNA strands after denaturation.
- The rate of renaturation depends on the concentration of DNA and the time allowed for renaturation.
- The efficiency of renaturation can be measured using a Cot curve.
Genomic Organization
- Genomic organization refers to the structure and organization of the genetic material in an organism.
- The study of genomic organization involves understanding the structure and function of chromosomes and genes.
- Eukaryotic genomic organization is more complex than in prokaryotes, with repetitive sequences and non-coding regions playing important roles.
DNA Structure and Function
- DNA is present in the nucleolus and has a structural role.
- It is rich in A-T bases, which are less tense and exotic, making it more susceptible to compacting.
Satellite DNA
- Satellite DNA is a type of moderately repetitive DNA.
- It divides into two categories: mini-satellites and micro-satellites.
- Mini-satellites are repetitive sequences that are 10-100 base pairs long.
- Micro-satellites are repetitive sequences that are less than 10 base pairs long.
Genes and Ribosomal RNA
- Genes that code for ribosomal RNA are moderately repetitive.
- Ribosomal RNA is necessary for protein synthesis.
- Each cell needs to produce 200,000 ribosomes every 6 minutes to maintain cellular functions.
Transposons
- Transposons are mobile genetic elements that can jump from one location to another in the genome.
- They are also known as "jumping genes".
- There are two types of transposons: DNA transposons and retrotransposons.
DNA Transposons
- DNA transposons use a "cut and paste" mechanism to move from one location to another.
- They are made up of a transposase gene and flanking sequences.
- The transposase gene codes for an enzyme that cuts the DNA and inserts the transposon into a new location.
Retrotransposons
- Retrotransposons use a "copy and paste" mechanism to move from one location to another.
- They are made up of a reverse transcriptase gene and flanking sequences.
- The reverse transcriptase gene codes for an enzyme that converts RNA into DNA.
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