Bronfenbrenner's Developmental Systems

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes neglectful parenting?

High demands and high involvement

High involvement and high support

High demands and low responsiveness

Low demands and low responsiveness (correct)

Which type of aggression is characterized by intent to achieve a specific goal?

Proactive Aggression

Reactive Aggression

Instrumental Aggression (correct)

Hostile Aggression

Which of the following behaviors is an example of reactive aggression?

Yelling insults at someone out of anger

Bullying another child for popularity

Planning a revenge attack against a peer

Hitting someone back after being pushed (correct)

What motivation underlies hostile aggression?

Feelings of anger and hostility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could be a physical sign of child abuse?

Unexplained bruises or cuts Signup and view all the answers

Proactive aggression differs from reactive aggression in that it is:

Planned and deliberate Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of neglectful parenting on children?

Feeling neglected and insecure Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional sign may indicate potential child abuse?

Sudden changes in behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the microsystem in Bronfenbrenner's model?

Immediate environments of direct interaction Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Stage 5 in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Morality is built on individual rights and common good. Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness?

Authoritarian Parenting Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Gilligan's theory reflects a balance between personal needs and the needs of others?

Orientation to Self and Others Signup and view all the answers

What effect can permissive parenting have on children?

Creativity and happiness but lack of self-discipline Signup and view all the answers

In Bronfenbrenner's model, what does the mesosystem consist of?

Interactions between different microsystems Signup and view all the answers

How does Gilligan's theory differ from Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Gilligan emphasizes care and connection over abstract justice. Signup and view all the answers

Which system represents the outermost layer influencing an individual's development?

Macrosystem Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential question for someone in Stage 6 of Kohlberg's moral development?

What ethical principles guide my sense of justice? Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential characteristic of children raised by authoritative parents?

High levels of confidence and self-reliance Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of individuals in the Orientation to Self stage of Gilligan's moral development?

Focusing on personal needs and survival. Signup and view all the answers

How does the exosystem differ from the microsystem?

It includes broader societal influences Signup and view all the answers

What does Bronfenbrenner's model postulate about development?

Development is influenced by various social contexts and environments. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common negative outcome associated with the crisis of 'Trust vs. Mistrust' in Erikson's first stage?

A sense of mistrust and insecurity Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior might indicate a child is experiencing issues related to 'Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt'?

Discomfort with independence Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible behavioral sign indicating developmental delays?

Difficulty learning and concentrating Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's theory, which is a positive outcome of the stage 'Identity vs. Role Confusion'?

A strong sense of identity and belonging Signup and view all the answers

Which system in Bronfenbrenner's model emphasizes the influence of time and historical context on development?

Chronosystem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could be a sign of substance abuse in children?

Truancy and skipping school Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a behavioral sign of trauma in children?

Running away from home without permission Signup and view all the answers

What crisis is faced during the preschool stage according to Erikson's theory?

Initiative vs. Guilt Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically begin to develop theory of mind?

3-4 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of false belief tasks in assessing theory of mind?

Understanding incorrect beliefs and actions Signup and view all the answers

In Kohlberg's theory, what is the main characteristic of Stage 1: Obedience Orientation?

Morality based on avoiding punishment Signup and view all the answers

What question represents the thinking pattern of Stage 3: Good Boy/Girl Orientation in Kohlberg's model?

What do others think of me? Signup and view all the answers

Which level of Kohlberg's moral development focuses on adherence to rules and laws?

Conventional Morality Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of developing theory of mind?

Understanding that others have perspectives different from one's own Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Stage 2: Instrumental Exchange Orientation from Stage 1 in moral development?

Focus on personal gain Signup and view all the answers

Which ability is NOT a key aspect of theory of mind?

Predicting legal outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bronfenbrenner's Theory of Development

Human development occurs within interconnected systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
Microsystem: Innermost layer; immediate environments like family, school, peers, and neighborhood.
Mesosystem: Interactions among different microsystems; for example, parental influence on school behavior.
Exosystem: Broader societal structures; includes workplace, government, and media that indirectly affect individuals.
Macrosystem: Outermost layer; cultural and societal values, beliefs, and customs influencing development.
Chronosystem: Historical and cultural context affecting development over time.

Parenting Styles and Their Impacts

Parenting styles significantly influence child development.
Authoritarian Parenting:
- Characteristics: High demands, low responsiveness; strict rules and reliance on punishment.
- Effects: May lead to obedient but anxious or withdrawn children with low self-esteem.
Permissive Parenting:
- Characteristics: Low demands, high responsiveness; lenient with few limits.
- Effects: Often leads to happy and creative children but may struggle with self-discipline.
Authoritative Parenting:
- Characteristics: High demands and responsiveness; sets clear expectations while being supportive.
- Effects: Children tend to be confident, self-reliant, and socially skilled.
Neglectful Parenting:
- Characteristics: Low demands, low responsiveness; uninvolved parenting.
- Effects: Can result in feelings of neglect, insecurity, and risk of engaging in harmful behaviors.

Types of Aggression

Aggression involves intent to harm; various types explain different motivations and contexts.
Instrumental Aggression: Goal-oriented behavior used to achieve desired outcomes, driven by benefits such as power or status.
Hostile Aggression: Motivated by anger; intended to inflict pain or harm, connected to negative emotions.
Reactive Aggression: Response to perceived threats; driven by self-protection or retaliation.
Proactive Aggression: Planned and premeditated; aims for power or dominance, not a response to provocations.

Signs of Child Abuse

Physical Signs: Unexplained injuries, poor hygiene, fear of physical contact, physical withdrawal.
Emotional Signs: Behavioral changes such as aggression or withdrawal, fear of adults, nightmares, low self-esteem.
Developmental Delays: Delays in cognitive, social, or emotional development, difficulties in learning.
Behavioral Signs: Early substance abuse, truancy, and runaway behaviors may indicate abuse.
Sexual Signs: Inappropriate sexualized behavior, genital injuries, and fear of specific adults.

Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages

Outlines eight stages with a crisis or conflict that must be resolved for healthy development.
Stage 1 (Infancy): Trust vs. Mistrust; positive outcome leads to trust and security.
Stage 2 (Toddlerhood): Autonomy vs. Shame; positive outcomes foster independence and confidence.
Stage 3 (Preschool): Initiative vs. Guilt; leads to a sense of initiative and curiosity.
Stage 4 (School Age): Industry vs. Inferiority; develops competence and achievement.
Stage 5 (Adolescence): Identity vs. Role Confusion; forms a strong sense of self and belonging.

Marcia's Identity Achievement Theory

Developed based on Erikson's work; focuses on exploration and commitment in identity development.

Theory of Mind

Refers to the understanding that others have their own thoughts and feelings, enabling empathy and perspective-taking.
Develops around ages 3-4; assessed through tasks that illustrate understanding of false beliefs.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Divides moral development into three levels, each with two stages emphasizing cognitive growth:
Level 1: Preconventional Morality; morality is self-serving.
Level 2: Conventional Morality; focuses on social approval and law.
Level 3: Postconventional Morality; emphasizes individual rights and universal ethical principles.

Gilligan's Perspective on Moral Development

Critiques Kohlberg's theory for bias; introduces a care-based approach to moral reasoning.
Stages include:
- Orientation to Self: Focus on personal needs.
- Orientation to Others: Prioritization of others' needs.
- Orientation to Self and Others: Balances personal and others' needs.

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Description

Explore Bronfenbrenner's theory of human development through the lens of interconnected systems. This quiz covers the microsystem and mesosystem, emphasizing their influence on individual growth and interactions. Test your understanding of these key concepts and their implications for social context in development.