Bronfenbrenner's Developmental Systems

Bronfenbrenner's Theory of Development

• Human development occurs within interconnected systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
• Microsystem: Innermost layer; immediate environments like family, school, peers, and neighborhood.
• Mesosystem: Interactions among different microsystems; for example, parental influence on school behavior.
• Exosystem: Broader societal structures; includes workplace, government, and media that indirectly affect individuals.
• Macrosystem: Outermost layer; cultural and societal values, beliefs, and customs influencing development.
• Chronosystem: Historical and cultural context affecting development over time.

Parenting Styles and Their Impacts

• Parenting styles significantly influence child development.
• Authoritarian Parenting:
  • Characteristics: High demands, low responsiveness; strict rules and reliance on punishment.
  • Effects: May lead to obedient but anxious or withdrawn children with low self-esteem.
• Permissive Parenting:
  • Characteristics: Low demands, high responsiveness; lenient with few limits.
  • Effects: Often leads to happy and creative children but may struggle with self-discipline.
• Authoritative Parenting:
  • Characteristics: High demands and responsiveness; sets clear expectations while being supportive.
  • Effects: Children tend to be confident, self-reliant, and socially skilled.
• Neglectful Parenting:
  • Characteristics: Low demands, low responsiveness; uninvolved parenting.
  • Effects: Can result in feelings of neglect, insecurity, and risk of engaging in harmful behaviors.

Types of Aggression

• Aggression involves intent to harm; various types explain different motivations and contexts.
• Instrumental Aggression: Goal-oriented behavior used to achieve desired outcomes, driven by benefits such as power or status.
• Hostile Aggression: Motivated by anger; intended to inflict pain or harm, connected to negative emotions.
• Reactive Aggression: Response to perceived threats; driven by self-protection or retaliation.
• Proactive Aggression: Planned and premeditated; aims for power or dominance, not a response to provocations.

Signs of Child Abuse

• Physical Signs: Unexplained injuries, poor hygiene, fear of physical contact, physical withdrawal.
• Emotional Signs: Behavioral changes such as aggression or withdrawal, fear of adults, nightmares, low self-esteem.
• Developmental Delays: Delays in cognitive, social, or emotional development, difficulties in learning.
• Behavioral Signs: Early substance abuse, truancy, and runaway behaviors may indicate abuse.
• Sexual Signs: Inappropriate sexualized behavior, genital injuries, and fear of specific adults.

Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages

• Outlines eight stages with a crisis or conflict that must be resolved for healthy development.
• Stage 1 (Infancy): Trust vs. Mistrust; positive outcome leads to trust and security.
• Stage 2 (Toddlerhood): Autonomy vs. Shame; positive outcomes foster independence and confidence.
• Stage 3 (Preschool): Initiative vs. Guilt; leads to a sense of initiative and curiosity.
• Stage 4 (School Age): Industry vs. Inferiority; develops competence and achievement.
• Stage 5 (Adolescence): Identity vs. Role Confusion; forms a strong sense of self and belonging.

Marcia's Identity Achievement Theory

• Developed based on Erikson's work; focuses on exploration and commitment in identity development.

Theory of Mind

• Refers to the understanding that others have their own thoughts and feelings, enabling empathy and perspective-taking.
• Develops around ages 3-4; assessed through tasks that illustrate understanding of false beliefs.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

• Divides moral development into three levels, each with two stages emphasizing cognitive growth:
• Level 1: Preconventional Morality; morality is self-serving.
• Level 2: Conventional Morality; focuses on social approval and law.
• Level 3: Postconventional Morality; emphasizes individual rights and universal ethical principles.

Gilligan's Perspective on Moral Development

• Critiques Kohlberg's theory for bias; introduces a care-based approach to moral reasoning.
• Stages include:
  • Orientation to Self: Focus on personal needs.
  • Orientation to Others: Prioritization of others' needs.
  • Orientation to Self and Others: Balances personal and others' needs.

Explore Bronfenbrenner's theory of human development through the lens of interconnected systems. This quiz covers the microsystem and mesosystem, emphasizing their influence on individual growth and interactions. Test your understanding of these key concepts and their implications for social context in development.