Questions and Answers
Which theory emphasizes that individuals' developmental paths are influenced by both internal and external factors throughout their lifespan, recognizing that these factors interact and change over time?
Which theory underscores the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social systems, highlighting how these systems interact and influence development at multiple levels?
Which theory proposes that development is a dynamic and ever-changing process, characterized by continuous interactions between an individual's internal and external factors?
Which theory highlights the role of genetic predispositions and environmental influences in shaping an individual's developmental trajectory, emphasizing how these factors interact to influence gene expression?
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Which theory emphasizes the idea that development is a lifelong process characterized by both gains and losses, with individuals adapting to changing circumstances and maximizing their potential throughout their lifespan?
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Which theory stresses the importance of understanding development in the context of the individual's life history, including significant events, social transitions, and historical influences?
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Which theory emphasizes the idea that development is a result of ongoing interactions between individuals and their environments, where these interactions are bidirectional and influence each other?
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Which theory emphasizes that development is not a linear or predetermined process but rather a complex and dynamic system involving continuous interactions and feedback loops?
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Which term refers to the immediate environment where proximal processes occur, according to Bronfenbrenner's theory?
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What concept describes the interrelations among different microsystems that affect an individual?
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Which component of Bronfenbrenner's theory includes settings that indirectly influence a child?
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Which level of environmental influence does Bronfenbrenner's theory identify that affects the duration and timing of life events?
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In Bronfenbrenner's theory, which level primarily involves broader societal contexts impacting development?
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Which environment level in Bronfenbrenner's model is exemplified by a child's socioeconomic status impacting their educational experiences?
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Which of the following BEST describes the concept of 'proximal processes' within Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory?
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According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, how do 'distal processes' influence the effectiveness of 'proximal processes'?
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How does the example of parental monitoring of children's homework illustrate the interplay between proximal and distal processes within Bronfenbrenner's theory?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory?
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How does Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory differ from traditional stage theories of development?
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Which of the following concepts is MOST closely aligned with Bronfenbrenner's emphasis on the reciprocal nature of development?
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Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory emphasizes the importance of 'proximal processes'. Which of the following theories also emphasizes the importance of immediate interactions and experiences in shaping development?
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How does Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory differ from life span developmental theory?
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Erikson’s personality theory focuses solely on the biological aspects of personality development.
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The successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at one stage can lead to positive outcomes in future stages.
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Dynamic Systems Theory posits that development is linear and can be predicted from initial conditions.
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Life Course Theory suggests that individuals experience development in isolation from external societal factors.
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In Bioecological Theory, the immediate environment has a direct impact on a child's development.
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Epigenetic Theory solely attributes personality development to genetic factors.
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The theory presented emphasizes the significance of genetic predispositions in determining individual developmental trajectories.
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The theory described aligns with the principles of Dynamic Systems Theory, emphasizing the interconnectedness of multiple systems and their influence on development.
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The emphasis on psychosocial crises in Erikson’s theory is consistent with important concepts in Life Span Developmental Theory.
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The concept of epigenetics is directly addressed in the presented theory.
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According to Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory, distal processes are unrelated to proximal processes in shaping development.
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This theory suggests that development is a linear and predictable process with distinct stages.
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The theory presented directly aligns with Life Course Theory in its emphasis on the impact of historical and social contexts on development.
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The theory described emphasizes the importance of proximal processes, as defined by Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory.
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The theory suggests that developmental changes are primarily driven by biological maturation.
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The theory presented directly aligns with the principles of Life Span Developmental Theory, emphasizing development as a lifelong process.
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Erik Erikson's theory emphasizes the driving force of the id behind all behavior.
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Jean Piaget's theory proposes that cognitive processes undergo stagelike changes during childhood and adolescence.
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The Life Course Theory disregards the influence of historical and social contexts on individual development.
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Dynamic Systems Theory describes development as a linear and predetermined process.
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In Bioecological Theory, the mesosystem includes interactions between different microsystems affecting an individual.
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Epigenetic Theory exclusively focuses on genetic predispositions without considering environmental impacts on development.
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Life Span Developmental Theory recognizes that development occurs only during childhood and not in adulthood.
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Freud's original theories have remained fully supported by modern research in the field of developmental science.
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Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is associated with intellectual disability and a distinctive cat-like cry in infants?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between genetic inheritance and intellectual disability?
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Which of the following chromosomal variations is MOST commonly associated with Down Syndrome?
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Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding the relationship between chromosomal variations and intellectual disability?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about the genetic basis of Down Syndrome?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential risk factor for developing intellectual disability?
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What is the name of the process that signals the beginning of the central nervous system's development?
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Around what day of gestational life does the neural tube begin to take on a pronounced curved shape?
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What is the term for the three distinct bulges that appear at the top of the embryonic self?
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What is the name of the figure that illustrates the stages of brain development?
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Who is the author of the book 'The workings of the brain'?
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What is the name of the scientific publication where the illustration by Tom Prentiss was originally published?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with a chromosomal variation, often resulting in intellectual disability?
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Cri du Chat Syndrome, a genetic disorder, is characterized by a deletion on chromosome ____, often leading to characteristic facial features and intellectual disability.
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the inheritance pattern of Down Syndrome?
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Individuals with Down Syndrome often exhibit characteristic physical features, including:
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While intellectual disability is a common characteristic associated with Down Syndrome, the severity of cognitive impairment can vary significantly. Which factor is LEAST likely to contribute to this variability?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the inheritance of Cri Du Chat Syndrome?
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Turner Syndrome is a genetic condition associated with the absence or partial absence of one of the X chromosomes in females. This chromosomal variation can lead to a range of physical and developmental challenges. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a common characteristic associated with Turner Syndrome?
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A common characteristic of individuals with both Down Syndrome and Cri Du Chat Syndrome is:
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Study Notes
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory
- Development, including personality and cognitive change, is a function of proximal processes, which are reciprocal interactions between an individual and their immediate external environment.
- Proximal processes involve interactions with people, objects, and symbols in the immediate environment, and are truly interactive, influencing and being influenced by the environment.
- Proximal processes are modified by more distal processes, including genetic and environmental factors, such as the educational system and broader culture.
The Environment's Influence on Development
- The quality and effectiveness of the immediate environment depend on the larger context, including the individual's characteristics and needs.
- Parental monitoring of children's homework benefits academic performance, but is more effective if parents are knowledgeable about the child's work.
- An individual's characteristics, such as motivations, also influence the effectiveness of the environment.
The Microsystem, Mesosystem, and Exosystem
- The microsystem is the immediate environment, where proximal processes occur, and includes family members, school, neighborhood, and local playground.
- Microsystems interact with and modify each other, such as through discussions between parents and teachers.
- The mesosystem is the full set of relationships among microsystems, influencing each other and the individual.
- The exosystem includes settings that children may not directly interact with but that influence them, such as a teacher's family life or socioeconomic status.
Multidimensional Theories of Development
- Many theories, including transactional, relational, dialectical, bioecological, bio-social-ecological, epigenetic, life course, and dynamic systems theories, share similar fundamental assumptions and characteristics.
- These theories provide different levels of detail about various aspects of development, but share a common understanding of the complex, interacting forces that influence development.
Erikson's Personality Theory
- Erikson's theory emphasizes the psychosocial aspects of personality, focusing on feelings and attitudes towards self and others.
- The theory comprises eight psychosocial stages, with the first five corresponding to Freud's psychosexual stages and the last three being adult life stages.
Key Principles
- Others' sensitivity and responsiveness to children's needs create a context for positive psychosocial development.
- Attitudes towards self and others emerge together, with trust in others being linked to self-valuation.
- Each psychosocial crisis or task involves finding a balance between positive and negative feelings, with the positive outweighing the negative.
- The successful resolution of a crisis at one stage helps smooth the way for successful resolutions of future crises.
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development
- The stages are characterized by a crisis or developmental task, initiated by changes in the individual and others' attitudes, behaviors, and expectations.
- The stages are:
- Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy)
- ... (remaining stages not specified in the provided text)
Comparison to Freud's Theory
- Erikson's theory is more appealing to helping professionals due to its focus on psychosocial aspects of personality.
- Erikson deemphasized the id as the driving force behind behavior and emphasized the more rational processes of the ego.
Early Prenatal Brain Development
- At 2 weeks, cells from the embryo's upper surface form a sheet that rearranges itself by turning inward and curling into a neural tube, signaling the beginning of central nervous system development.
- The neural tube is covered by another sheet of cells, which eventually becomes the skin, and is moved inside the embryo.
- Around the 25th day, the neural tube takes on a pronounced curved shape, with three distinct bulges appearing at the top, which eventually become the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
Brain Development Stages
- Figure 2.6 shows the stages of brain development, from 25 days to 9 months, with distinct changes in shape and structure.
- Within the primitive neural tube, important events occur that impact future development.
Nutrition and Brain Development
- Poor prenatal and postnatal environments lacking essential nutrients can affect brain development and academic achievement.
- Adequate diets can improve behavioral functioning, especially among children who were performing worst academically.
- The impact of poor nutrition can be lessened by other more benign influences, such as well-educated parents.
The Role of the Brain in Development
- The brain plays a central role in mediating stress-induced adaptations and correlations between allostatic overload and epigenetic alterations.
- Understanding the brain's workings is essential for helping professionals to understand how their clients think, feel, and learn.
Case Study: Leo and George
- Identical twins Leo and George were born with physical similarities but began to diverge in physical and psychological characteristics as they grew.
- Despite their similarities, they developed distinct differences in appearance, interests, and academic choices.
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Description
Learn about Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, which describes human development as a function of reciprocal interactions between the individual and their environment.
