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Questions and Answers
A patient presents with acute bronchitis and a persistent, non-productive cough. Considering the guidelines for treatment, which of the following approaches would be MOST appropriate?
A patient presents with acute bronchitis and a persistent, non-productive cough. Considering the guidelines for treatment, which of the following approaches would be MOST appropriate?
- Initiating treatment with codeine/guaifenesin to suppress the cough and promote expectoration.
- Recommending an antitussive medication, such as dextromethorphan, while advising caution due to the nature of the cough. (correct)
- Prescribing a broad-spectrum antibiotic to prevent potential secondary bacterial infection.
- Administering a combination of antibiotics and expectorants to target both viral and potential bacterial causes simultaneously.
A patient with a history of heavy smoking is diagnosed with chronic bronchitis. Which of the following is the LEAST likely causative agent to consider in the etiology of their condition?
A patient with a history of heavy smoking is diagnosed with chronic bronchitis. Which of the following is the LEAST likely causative agent to consider in the etiology of their condition?
- _Escherichia coli_. (correct)
- _Streptococcus pneumoniae_.
- Influenza virus.
- _Moraxella catarrhalis_.
A Medicare patient is diagnosed with acute bronchitis and prescribed both an antitussive containing codeine and guaifenesin and an expectorant. How much of these medications is Medicare likely to cover?
A Medicare patient is diagnosed with acute bronchitis and prescribed both an antitussive containing codeine and guaifenesin and an expectorant. How much of these medications is Medicare likely to cover?
- Medicare covers both medications but requires prior authorization due to the inclusion of codeine in the antitussive.
- Medicare only covers the expectorant as part of its standard formulary for respiratory illnesses.
- Medicare does not cover the antitussive, but will likely cover the expectorant. (correct)
- Medicare covers both the antitussive and the expectorant, as they are standard treatments for acute bronchitis.
A patient diagnosed with acute bronchitis is prescribed an antitussive medication. Under which circumstances should the patient be MOST cautious while using the medication?
A patient diagnosed with acute bronchitis is prescribed an antitussive medication. Under which circumstances should the patient be MOST cautious while using the medication?
Which statement accurately differentiates between the typical etiologies of acute and chronic bronchitis?
Which statement accurately differentiates between the typical etiologies of acute and chronic bronchitis?
A patient presents with a chronic cough producing sputum for at least 3 months per year over the last 2 years, without any identifiable underlying cause. Which of the following interventions should be prioritized?
A patient presents with a chronic cough producing sputum for at least 3 months per year over the last 2 years, without any identifiable underlying cause. Which of the following interventions should be prioritized?
A 6-month-old infant is diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Based on the recommendation by the AAP, which treatment is most appropriate?
A 6-month-old infant is diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Based on the recommendation by the AAP, which treatment is most appropriate?
Which statement best describes how influenza viruses infect cells and replicate?
Which statement best describes how influenza viruses infect cells and replicate?
What is the rationale behind administering neuraminidase inhibitors within 48 hours of the onset of influenza symptoms?
What is the rationale behind administering neuraminidase inhibitors within 48 hours of the onset of influenza symptoms?
Which of the following scenarios would warrant consideration of post-exposure prophylaxis for influenza?
Which of the following scenarios would warrant consideration of post-exposure prophylaxis for influenza?
A previously healthy 7-year-old is diagnosed with influenza A for the first time. According to current guidelines, what is the recommended influenza vaccination schedule for this child?
A previously healthy 7-year-old is diagnosed with influenza A for the first time. According to current guidelines, what is the recommended influenza vaccination schedule for this child?
According to the CURB-65, a patient presents with confusion, respiratory rate of 32, blood pressure of 85/55, and is 70 years old. What is the CURB-65 score, and what is the recommendation?
According to the CURB-65, a patient presents with confusion, respiratory rate of 32, blood pressure of 85/55, and is 70 years old. What is the CURB-65 score, and what is the recommendation?
Which of the following is the most significant mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the treatment of chronic bronchitis?
Which of the following is the most significant mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the treatment of chronic bronchitis?
Flashcards
Chronic Cough Diagnosis
Chronic Cough Diagnosis
Cough with productive sputum lasting ≥3 months per year for 2 years without other causes.
Pink Puffer vs Blue Bloater
Pink Puffer vs Blue Bloater
Terms describing types of COPD patients; Pink Puffer is thin and has difficulty breathing, Blue Bloater is overweight and cyanotic.
N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
A mucolytic used in COPD that cleaves disulfide bonds in mucus to reduce viscosity.
Bronchiolitis Etiology
Bronchiolitis Etiology
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AAP Treatment for Bronchiolitis
AAP Treatment for Bronchiolitis
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Influenza Transmission
Influenza Transmission
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Influenza Vaccination Schedule
Influenza Vaccination Schedule
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CURB-65 Criteria
CURB-65 Criteria
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Acute Bronchitis
Acute Bronchitis
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Acute Bronchitis Treatment
Acute Bronchitis Treatment
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Common Antitussives
Common Antitussives
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Expectorants
Expectorants
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Chronic Bronchitis Etiology
Chronic Bronchitis Etiology
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Study Notes
Acute Bronchitis
- Etiology is primarily viral.
- Treatment includes antitussives (dextromethorphan, codeine/guaifenesin), and expectorants (guaifenesin, water).
- Antibiotics are not typically recommended for viral infections.
- Viral infections may precede bacterial infections.
Chronic Bronchitis
- Etiology includes smoking, flu, and bacterial infections (M. catarrhalis, S. pneumoniae).
- Diagnosis involves a chronic cough with mucus production for at least 2 consecutive months/year for two years without underlying conditions.
- Treatment focuses on stopping smoking, nicotine replacement therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and chest physiotherapy, and mucolytic aerosols.
Bronchiolitis
- Etiology is most often due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants.
- Treatment is symptom-based, focusing on humidified oxygen, and may include nebulized hypertonic saline and B2 agonists.
Influenza
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Etiology includes A and B viruses with seasonal variations.
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Pathophysiology involves the hemagglutinin protein allowing virus entry via sialic acid receptors and neuraminidase aiding virus exit.
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Transmission is through respiratory droplets with an average incubation period of 2 days and infection lasting up to 10 days in children.
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Diagnosis involves rapid tests or clinical presentation with symptoms.
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Prevention includes vaccination (in children ≥ 6 months, annual flu vaccines are given).
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Treatment with antihistamines, antipyretics, and lozenges is provided for symptom relief. Specific antiviral medications in the form of NA inhibitors are recommended for those at high risk if administered within 48 hours of exposure.
Other Information (Drugs)
- Various drugs and their indications are listed for different conditions and age groups.
- Important drug interactions, side effects, and dosages are included, especially with renal dosing and differences in pediatric/adult treatments. Consideration of pregnancy and lactation is also included.
Pneumonia
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Etiology includes various bacterial and viral agents (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and atypical pathogens.)
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Specific types include community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Diagnosis criteria (CURB-65 and minor criteria ) and treatment (antibiotics and other therapies) depend on these specific types and risk factors.
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Testing for pneumococcal antigens, blood cultures, chest x-rays, or sputum cultures are utilized for diagnosis.
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Treatment approaches vary according to risk factors, types, and patient conditions, highlighting the importance of identifying risk factors (e.g. prior infections, hospitalization, recent IV ABX, compromised respiratory systems.) in guiding treatment strategies.
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Description
Test your knowledge of bronchitis, including acute vs. chronic forms, causative agents, and appropriate treatments. Explore the use of antitussives and expectorants, and Medicare coverage considerations. Review etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options.
