Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis Quiz

<p>Infections and specific allergens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin prick test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ratio of submucosal gland thickness to bronchial wall thickness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphocytes and macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete obliteration of airway lumens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea in chronic bronchitis is often less prominent than in emphysema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Luminal narrowing leading to airway obstruction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased ventilation, especially during sleep (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More frequent exacerbations and poorer outcomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10% to 30% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced FEV1 with normal FVC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of an occult malignant tumor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mucous plugging of bronchioles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hunched-over position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperinflated lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases blood flow to the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a secondary role in exacerbating symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They recruit inflammatory cells from the circulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persistent productive cough for at least 3 months. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of connective tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils and macrophages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive hydration of airways. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to cold air or allergens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be exacerbated by reactive oxygen species from cigarette smoke. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Living in smog-ridden cities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves central parts of the acini but spares the distal air spaces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upper lobes, particularly the apical segments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centriacinar emphysema. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centriacinar emphysema is often accompanied by chronic bronchitis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Panacinar emphysema. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They show both emphysematous and normal air spaces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centriacinar emphysema. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All parts of the acini in panacinar emphysema are uniformly enlarged. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased capillary permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the main cells responsible for surfactant production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A widespread inflammatory response affecting the airway epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolar macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrin and cellular debris (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inactivation of surfactant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A shift from acute to chronic inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extent of initial damage to the alveolar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of elevated eosinophil counts in bronchial mucosa. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining inflammation and exacerbating existing symptoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation and fibrosis of the bronchiolar walls, combined with mucous plugging. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-13 stimulates the production of inflammatory mediators, contributing to ongoing inflammation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic inflammation and hypoxia-induced vascular spasm leading to pulmonary hypertension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphysema. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophil elastase plays a significant role in maintaining inflammation and exacerbating symptoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphysema involves destruction of alveolar walls, leading to air trapping, while bronchitis predominantly affects smaller airways. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaline membranes lining the alveolar ducts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of multiorgan failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Underlying condition or superimposed infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collections of neutrophils in capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased lung compliance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2-3 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term damage to the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obstruction and infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Healing usually leads to abnormal dilation and scarring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Post-pneumonia from SARS-CoV-2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impairment of secretions clearance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haemophilus influenzae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of abscess cavities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlargement of the mucus-secreting glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchial lumen obliteration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic bronchitis shows less pronounced dyspnea than emphysema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased ventilation due to obesity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid disease progression and frequent exacerbations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20% to 30% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhalation of coal dust and silica (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Survival ranges from 3 to 5 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antifibrotic therapies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particles between 1 to 5 mm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of familial cancers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distinct radiologic and histologic features (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More severe fibrotic reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lung transplantation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exclusively affects the lower lobe of the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of intraalveolar plugs of organizing connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predominantly affects the upper lobes of the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overproduction of Mucin 5B (MUC5B) in the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To encompass lung diseases caused by inhalation of various dusts and particulates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The differential diagnosis for fibrosing lung disorders includes autoimmune diseases, pneumoconiosis, and other conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most common type of asthma linked to type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity.

Common triggers include allergens like dust, pollen, and animal dander.

A common background factor in patients with atopic asthma, indicating genetic predisposition.

Diagnosis includes episodic symptoms and airflow limitation improved with bronchodilators.

Immunoassays detect IgE antibodies that react to specific allergens, aiding in diagnosis.

A condition characterized by a persistent productive cough lasting for at least 3 months over 2 consecutive years.

Cells such as neutrophils and macrophages involved in the immune response during chronic bronchitis.

An imbalance where proteases break down connective tissue faster than antiproteases can protect it, contributing to emphysema.

The presence of reactive oxygen species that can damage tissues, often from cigarette smoke.

A thick, sticky mucus produced in the early stages of chronic bronchitis.

Airways that react excessively to stimuli, seen in some patients with chronic bronchitis.

Substances that attract inflammatory cells to the site of inflammation.

Cytokines that amplify the inflammatory response and promote more inflammation.

A type of emphysema where the central parts of acini are affected, sparing distal alveoli.

A form of emphysema characterized by uniform enlargement of all acini from bronchioles to alveoli.

Emphysema affecting the distal acinus, often near the pleura.

Emphysema with an irregular distribution, not fitting other types.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease commonly includes centriacinar and panacinar emphysema.

The basic unit of the lung located distal to terminal bronchioles, made of clusters of acini.

A genetic disorder that can lead to panacinar emphysema due to lack of protease inhibitor.

Initial symptoms include cough, wheezing, and weight loss.

Tests showing reduced FEV1 and normal FVC; reduced FEV1/FVC ratio.

Patients are barrel-chested, dyspneic, with prolonged expiration.

Environmental irritants release cytokines like IL-13 from T cells, worsening inflammation.

Imaging shows hyperinflated lungs that flatten the diaphragm.

Gradual increase in blood pressure in pulmonary arteries due to alveolar destruction.

Right-sided heart failure due to lung issues, seen in chronic bronchitis/emphysema.

White blood cells involved in inflammatory response and infection control.

Chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen, released by neutrophils.

A sudden damage to the lungs, leading to fluid accumulation and respiratory distress.

Cells that form the structure of the alveolar wall, facilitating gas exchange.

Cells in the alveoli that produce surfactant, reducing surface tension.

A substance that reduces surface tension in the lungs, aiding in inflation.

Proteins released during inflammation that mediate immunological responses.

Swelling caused by fluid accumulation in tissues, often seen in ALI.

A protein involved in blood clotting and inflammation, often seen in tissue repair.

Small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs between blood and tissues.

A ratio that compares the thickness of the mucous gland layer to that of the bronchial wall, normally 0.4.

Transformation of epithelial cells into mucus-secreting goblet cells commonly seen in chronic bronchitis.

Bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels, often seen in chronic bronchitis.

Severe condition where fibrosis leads to complete blockage of bronchioles in chronic bronchitis.

Difficulty breathing, often less prominent in chronic bronchitis compared to emphysema.

A sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts, occurring in 10%-30% of chronic bronchitis patients.

Initial symptoms include cough, wheezing, and potential weight loss.

Cells involved are macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, but not eosinophils.

Tests show reduced FEV1 with normal FVC; FEV1/FVC ratio is diminished.

Mucus build-up primarily affects large bronchi, causing obstruction.

Cytokines like IL-13 are released by T cells, exacerbating inflammation.

Imaging shows hyperinflated lungs flattening the diaphragm.

A severe lung condition that develops quickly, typically within 72 hours of injury.

Characteristic findings in ARDS, formed from fibrin-rich fluid and necrotic cells.

CT scan appearance in ARDS showing diffuse, hazy regions in lungs.

Factors such as advanced age and sepsis that indicate a challenging outcome in ARDS.

The overall death rate in ARDS is about 40%, often linked to the underlying condition.

Survivors of ARDS may experience decreased endurance due to lung function abnormalities.

Exam reveals interstitial edema, hemorrhage, and alveolar cell damage.

Accumulations of neutrophils in capillaries seen particularly in cases involving infection.

Glands that produce mucus, their enlargement is a feature of chronic bronchitis.

Chronic bronchitis can feature variable inflammatory cell presence, mainly lymphocytes and macrophages.

A condition of increased arterial pressure in the lungs, potentially resulting from chronic bronchitis.

Breathing difficulty typically less pronounced than in emphysema.

A condition characterized by permanent dilation of bronchi due to chronic infection or obstruction.

A severe asthma attack that does not respond to therapy, leading to prolonged respiratory distress.

Inherited defects in cilia function leading to impaired mucus clearance and infection.

Lung infection leading to tissue death, often caused by virulent organisms like Staphylococcus.

Laboratory cultures showing diverse bacterial types in severe lung infections, including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.

Permanent changes in bronchial walls due to chronic inflammation and infection, often resulting in irreversible damage.

Bronchiectasis that develops after tuberculosis infection, leading to significant morbidity in endemic regions.

Reduced ability of the respiratory system to clear mucus and pathogens due to damaged cilia.

A rare lung condition with cough and dyspnea, showing patchy airspace consolidation on imaging.

Most patients require treatment with oral steroids after initial recovery.

Lung disorders caused by inhalation of mineral dusts and particulates.

Conditions that result in lung fibrosis, associated with autoimmune diseases.

An autoimmune disorder that can cause lung fibrosis among other complications.

Substances that exacerbate inflammation and lung damage.

Medications used to reduce inflammation in lung conditions.

Loose organizing connective tissue that can obstruct airspaces in lung conditions.

Increased cancer risk due to inhaling asbestos fibers, affecting workers and their families.

A tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for treating fibrotic lung diseases.

An antifibrotic medication used for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).

Particles ranging from 1 to 5 mm are most harmful as they lodge in airways.

A chronic interstitial lung disease of unknown cause, distinct on radiology.

Coal dust is relatively inert and requires high exposure for lung disease to develop.

Silica and asbestos cause stronger immune reactions than coal dust, promoting fibrosis.