AHA2

Bronchitis

• Inflammation of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
• Persistent cough lasting longer than 10-14 days, could be the only symptom
• Cough is initially dry but may progress to productive with yellow, green, or clear sputum
• Other symptoms: Low-grade fever (< 101°F), fatigue, malaise, occasional dyspnea or wheezing, headache, substernal chest discomfort or burning pain
• Clear and resonant lungs, afebrile, occasional wheezing, crackles that clear with cough
• Diagnosis based on clinical presentation, mainly viral
• Chest x-ray will be NORMAL if patient has acute bronchitis
• Treatment: Rest, fluids, mucous loosening agents, cough suppressants, inhaled medications such as albuterol

Emphysema

• Progressive airflow limitations, gas exchange abnormalities, and hypersecretion of mucous
• Usually induced by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases
• Symptoms may not be fully reversible post treatment
• PERMANENT abnormal enlargement and destruction of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, including alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
• Chronic and progressive dyspnea, cough, wheezing, chest tightness, recurrent lower respiratory tract infections
• Physiologic changes incurred with airflow remodeling typically do NOT emerge as physical signs until PROFOUND impairment of lung function occurs
• Physical signs include increased AP diameter, weight loss, accessory muscle use, tachypnea
• SPIROMETRY is the most reliable and objective mechanism for measurement of airflow limitation
• Diagnosis of COPD: FEV1/FVC

Bronchitis

• Inflammation of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
• Duration: 3-6 weeks
• Increased severity and frequency in smokers
• Persistent cough (greater than 10-14 days) can be the only symptom
• Cough transitions from dry to productive with yellow, green, or clear sputum
• Other symptoms: low-grade fever (less than 101°F), fatigue, malaise, occasional dyspnea or wheezing, headache, substernal chest discomfort or burning pain
• Lungs clear and resonant
• Afebrile (no fever)
• Occasional wheezing and crackles that clear with coughing
• Diagnosis based on clinical presentation (mainly viral)
• Chest x-ray will be normal in acute bronchitis
• Treatment: rest, fluids, mucus looseners, cough suppressants, inhaled medications like albuterol

Emphysema

• Progressive airflow limitations, gas exchange abnormalities, and hypersecretion of mucous
• Permanent abnormal enlargement and destruction of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles (including alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli)
• Usually induced by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases
• Symptoms may not be fully reversible after treatment
• Symptoms: chronic and progressive dyspnea, cough, wheezing, chest tightness, recurrent lower respiratory tract infections
• Physical signs emerge only with profound impairment of lung function
• Physical signs: increased anterior-posterior (AP) diameter, weight loss, accessory muscle use, tachypnea
• Spirometry is the most reliable and objective measure of airflow limitation
• Diagnosis of COPD: FEV1/FVC

Bronchitis

• Inflammation of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
• Typically lasts 3-6 weeks
• Cigarette smoking can increase severity and frequency
• Persistent cough lasting longer than 10-14 days is the main symptom
• Cough is initially dry, but progresses to productive with yellow, green, or clear sputum
• Other symptoms include: low grade fever less than 101, fatigue, malaise, occasional dyspnea or wheezing, headache, substernal chest discomfort or burning pain
• Lung sounds are clear and resonant on auscultation
• Chest x-ray is normal in patients with acute bronchitis
• Treatment includes rest, hydration, mucus thinning agents, cough suppressants, and inhaled medications like albuterol

Emphysema

• Progressive airflow limitation, gas exchange abnormalities, and hypersecretion of mucous
• Caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases
• Symptoms may not fully improve post-treatment.
• Characterized by permanent abnormal enlargement and destruction of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, including alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
• Chronic and progressive dyspnea, cough, wheezing, chest tightness, recurrent lower respiratory tract infections
• Physical signs only appear when lung function is profoundly impaired
• Physical signs include increased AP diameter, weight loss, accessory muscle use, tachypnea
• Spirometry is the most reliable and objective way to measure airflow limitation
• Diagnosis of COPD is confirmed by FEV1/FVC ratio

Bronchitis

• Inflammation of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
• Typically lasts 3-6 weeks.
• Smoking can increase severity and frequency.
• Persistent cough lasting longer than 10-14 days is the main symptom.
• Cough can be dry initially, but may become productive with yellow, green, or clear sputum.
• Other symptoms include low-grade fever (less than 101°F), fatigue, malaise, occasional dyspnea or wheezing, headache, and substernal chest discomfort or burning pain.
• Lungs are clear and resonant on auscultation.
• Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation.
• Chest x-ray will be normal in acute bronchitis.
• Treatment includes rest, fluids, mucus looseners, cough suppressants, and inhaled medications like albuterol.

Emphysema

• Progressive airflow limitations, gas exchange abnormalities, and hypersecretion of mucous.
• Usually induced by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases.
• Symptoms may not fully reverse after treatment.
• Permanent abnormal enlargement and destruction of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, including alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
• Chronic and progressive dyspnea, cough, wheezing, chest tightness, and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections are common.
• Physical signs like increased anteroposterior (AP) diameter, weight loss, accessory muscle use, and tachypnea may not be present until profound impairment of lung function occurs.
• Spirometry is the most reliable tool for measuring airflow limitation.
• Diagnosis of COPD is based on FEV1/FVC ratio.

Bronchitis

• Inflammation of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
• Lasts 3-6 weeks
• Cigarette smoking increases severity and frequency
• Primary symptom is a persistent cough for 10-14 days
• Cough can be dry or productive, with yellow, green, or clear sputum
• Other symptoms: low-grade fever (<101°F), fatigue, malaise, occasional dyspnea or wheezing, headache, substernal chest discomfort or burning pain
• Objective findings: clear and resonant lungs, afebrile, occasional wheezing, crackles that clear with cough
• Diagnosis based on clinical presentation, typically viral
• Chest X-ray will be normal
• Treatment: rest, fluids, mucus loosening agents, cough suppressants, inhaled medications like albuterol

Emphysema

• Progressive airflow limitation, gas exchange abnormalities, and mucus hypersecretion, often due to exposure to irritants
• Symptoms not fully reversible after treatment
• Permanent abnormal enlargement and destruction of air spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles (alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli)
• Symptoms: chronic and progressive dyspnea, cough, wheezing, chest tightness, recurrent lower respiratory tract infections
• Physiologic changes don't become physical signs until profound lung function impairment
• Physical signs: increased anteroposterior diameter, weight loss, accessory muscle use, tachypnea
• Spirometry is the most reliable way to measure airflow limitation
• Diagnosis of COPD: FEV1/FVC ratio

Bronchitis

• Inflammation of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles lasting 3-6 weeks
• Cigarette smoking can increase the severity and frequency of acute bronchitis
• Persistent cough lasting longer than 10-14 days may be the only symptom
• Cough is initially dry but may progress to productive with yellow, green, or clear sputum
• Other symptoms: low-grade fever less than 101, fatigue, malaise, occasional dyspnea or wheezing, headache, substernal chest discomfort or burning pain
• Objective findings: clear and resonant lungs, afebrile, occasional wheezing, crackles that clear with cough
• Diagnosis: based on clinical presentation, mainly viral, chest x-ray will be NORMAL
• Treatment: rest, fluids, mucous looseners, cough suppressants, inhaled albuterol

Emphysema

• Progressive airflow limitations, gas exchange abnormalities, and hypersecretion of mucous usually caused by exposure to noxious particles or gases
• Symptoms may not be fully reversible post-treatment
• PERMANENT abnormal enlargement and destruction of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, including alveolar ducts, alveolar sac, and alveoli
• Chronic and progressive dyspnea, cough, wheezing, chest tightness, recurrent lower respiratory tract infections
• Physiologic changes due to airflow remodeling are not physically apparent until PROFOUND impairment of lung function occurs
• Physical signs include increased AP diameter, weight loss, accessory muscle use, tachypnea
• SPIROMETRY is the most reliable measure of airflow limitation
• Diagnosis of COPD: FEV1/FVC

This quiz explores the characteristics and symptoms of Bronchitis and Emphysema, two significant respiratory conditions. It covers diagnosis, treatment options, and the clinical presentation of both diseases. Test your knowledge on the important distinctions between these two common ailments.