Bronchiolitis: Definitions and Characteristics

Which radiographic finding is characteristic of hyperinflation in a patient with bronchiolitis?

A chest radiograph reveals a linear, horizontal shadow indicative of atelectasis. Which type of atelectasis is described?

What radiographic finding is typically associated with air trapping in bronchiolitis?

What distinguishes centrilobular nodules from other types of lung nodules?

Which of the following best describes the radiographic appearance of bronchiectasis?

What would a lateral neck X-ray reveal in a child with acute epiglottitis?

Which radiographic finding is most indicative of croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)?

A lateral neck radiograph reveals significant soft tissue swelling posterior to the pharynx. Which condition is most likely?

What is a Ghon focus?

What constitutes a Ghon complex in the context of tuberculosis?

What radiographic findings are characteristic of inactive (latent) primary tuberculosis?

Which radiographic finding is most suggestive of secondary (reactivation) tuberculosis?

Miliary tuberculosis is characterized by which radiographic pattern?

A patient presents with a chronic cough, low-grade fever, and a history of recent travel to Southeast Asia. A chest radiograph reveals bilateral upper lobe infiltrates without cavitation, and sputum is positive for AFB. What is the most likely diagnosis?

When evaluating a chest radiograph for possible bronchiolitis, which of the following findings would be LEAST suggestive of the disease?

What is the most appropriate next step in management for a 2-year-old child presenting with stridor, a barking cough, and a steeple sign on X-ray?

Which of the following chest radiographic findings is most specific for bronchiectasis?

Which radiological sign on a lateral neck X-ray would raise suspicion for retropharyngeal abscess in a 3-year-old?

A 60-year-old patient with a history of prior TB infection presents with a new cough and hemoptysis. A chest radiograph reveals cavitary lesions in the upper lobes. Which of the following findings would strongly suggest reactivation TB rather than a new primary infection?

Differentiating between bronchiolitis and early-stage pneumonia can sometimes be challenging on chest radiographs. Which finding would most strongly favor a diagnosis of pneumonia over bronchiolitis?

A 70-year-old nursing home resident with a history of latent TB develops new respiratory symptoms. Chest X-ray reveals right upper lobe consolidation and cavitation. Sputum smears are negative for AFB, but Mycobacterium tuberculosis is eventually cultured from the sputum after 3 weeks. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate next step in management?

Which of the following is the MOST sensitive and specific imaging modality for diagnosing bronchiectasis?

Which of the following radiographic patterns is most characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

A chest radiograph report describes "reticular opacities." Which of the following best characterizes this finding?

What is the significance of 'honeycombing' on a chest CT scan in the context of interstitial lung disease?

Which of the following is a typical radiographic finding in sarcoidosis?

A patient presents with dyspnea, inspiratory crackles, clubbing, and cyanosis. Which of the following is most likely in the differential diagnosis?

What radiographic finding is characteristic of asbestosis?

Which radiographic finding is most suggestive of silicosis?

A coal worker's pneumoconiosis is most likely to exhibit which radiographic pattern?

A 52-year-old African American woman presents with a cough, fatigue, fever, and malaise. Physical examination reveals tender, erythematous nodules on her shins. A chest radiograph demonstrates bilateral hilar adenopathy without parenchymal infiltrates. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 65-year-old male coal miner presents with shortness of breath and a gradual onset of non-productive cough. He has no smoking history. On physical exam, end-inspiratory crackles are noted. Which radiographic finding is most expected?

In the context of interstitial lung diseases, what does the term 'noncaseating granuloma' refer to?

Which of the following is a typical finding on chest CT that helps differentiate IPF from other interstitial lung diseases?

A 36-year-old woman presents with dyspnea, chest discomfort and fatigue. Physical exam reveals a firm, non-tender cervical lymph node. A chest x-ray is performed (as shown in presentation). What is the most appropriate next step?

Which of the following is the most common initial imaging modality used to evaluate a patient suspected of having sarcoidosis?

What is the key difference between reticular opacities seen in asbestosis and those seen in IPF concerning their location?

Eggshell calcification is classically associated with which of the following pneumoconioses?

A patient presents with cough, dyspnea, and a history of working in a shipyard. A chest radiograph reveals pleural plaques and interstitial fibrosis predominantly in the lower lobes. Which of the following findings would be MOST specific to confirm the suspected diagnosis?

A 45-year-old nonsmoker is diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Despite optimal medical management, he develops worsening dyspnea and hypoxemia. Serial chest CT scans demonstrate progressive honeycombing and traction bronchiectasis. Which of the following is the SINGLE most important prognostic factor in this patient's disease course?

A patient presents with suspected IPF. Which of the following radiographic findings is most consistent with the diagnosis?

Which of the following is the MOST appropriate next step in managing a newly diagnosed patient with sarcoidosis who is asymptomatic but presents with significant bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on chest X-ray?

Which of the following best describes the silhouette sign in the context of chest radiography?

An air bronchogram is best defined as:

A patient presents with cough, fever, and right lower lobe consolidation on chest X-ray. Which of the following is the MOST likely etiology for this presentation?

Which of the following radiographic patterns is MOST suggestive of viral pneumonia?

A patient with a history of immunosuppression presents with a chest X-ray showing bilateral symmetric perihilar infiltrates. Which of the following etiologies is MOST likely?

Which of the following is a common radiographic finding associated with atelectasis?

Which radiographic finding is MOST suggestive of emphysema?

What is the radiographic definition of a lung nodule?

A patient's chest X-ray reveals a round, well-defined, and smooth nodule that has been stable in size for several years. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

Which of the following features on a chest radiograph is MOST suggestive of a malignant lung nodule?

On a chest X-ray, what finding confirms a pleural effusion?

Which of the following is the MOST typical radiographic finding in a tension pneumothorax?

What finding on a chest radiograph confirms a pneumothorax?

A chest X-ray shows complete opacification of one hemithorax, shift of mediastinal structures to the ipsilateral side, and surgical clips near the hilum. Which of the following procedures MOST likely occurred?

A chest X-ray shows a mass-like density located centrally, obscuring the right heart border. Which lung lobe is MOST likely affected?

You are evaluating a chest radiograph and note a clearly visible air bronchogram within an area of consolidation. This finding suggests that the consolidation is located within the:

A patient presents with a history of fever and cough. The chest radiograph reveals a focal opacity in the left lower lobe with an air bronchogram. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

A patient has a pleural effusion. The fluid is determined to be pus. This type of effusion is best described as:

When evaluating a chest X-ray for a possible pneumothorax, what is the significance of identifying a visceral pleural line?

A patient presents to the emergency department with sudden onset shortness of breath and chest pain. A chest radiograph reveals hyperlucency on the left side with absence of lung markings and a shift of the mediastinum to the right. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

What is NOT a typical finding of atelectasis on chest X-Ray?

Using the silhouette sign, an area of consolidation obscuring the left heart border on a PA chest radiograph is likely located in which lobe?

After reviewing a chest radiograph, you suspect that a patient has left lower lobe atelectasis. Which of the following radiographic findings would BEST support this diagnosis?

Which of the following is the MOST appropriate initial imaging modality for evaluating suspected pneumonia?

A patient's chest radiograph demonstrates multiple, small, rounded opacities scattered throughout both lung fields. Which of the following terms BEST describes this pattern?

What is the MOST appropriate imaging study to evaluate a patient with hemoptysis when chest X-ray findings are inconclusive?

You are evaluating a chest radiograph for potential lung cancer. What size threshold differentiates a pulmonary nodule from a mass?

A patient with known emphysema presents with worsening dyspnea. A chest radiograph reveals a large, thin-walled air-filled space in the upper lobe. This MOST likely represents:

A patient presents to the emergency department with sudden onset of left-sided chest pain and shortness of breath. On examination, breath sounds are absent on the left side. A chest X-ray is obtained. Which radiographic finding would be MOST specific for a pneumothorax?

A patient presents with a chest radiograph demonstrating right middle lobe consolidation. Which anatomical structure's border will MOST likely be silhouetted?

In the context of a chest radiograph, what does the 'snowball sign' (extra-pleural sign) help to differentiate?

A 72-year-old male smoker presents with new onset hemoptysis. A chest X-ray reveals a 4 cm spiculated mass in the right upper lobe. What is the MOST appropriate next step in management?

A previously healthy young adult presents with fever, cough, and malaise. A chest radiograph reveals diffuse reticular opacities bilaterally. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

A patient presents with dyspnea, cough, and pleuritic chest pain. A chest radiograph reveals a large pleural effusion in the left hemithorax. Thoracentesis is performed, and the fluid analysis reveals an elevated white blood cell count with a predominance of neutrophils and a low pH. What is the MOST likely diagnosis?

Which of the following is a common finding on chest CT in patients with bronchiectasis?

A 4-year-old child presents with fever, drooling, and respiratory distress. A lateral neck X-ray reveals the 'thumb sign.' Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

What is the typical presentation for a child with croup?

A patient presents with suspected retropharyngeal abscess. Which radiographic view is MOST useful in evaluating this condition?

What radiographic finding is most indicative of retropharyngeal abscess?

Which of the following underlying conditions is MOST strongly associated with bronchiectasis?

Which of the following would be the MOST likely finding for a patient with coal worker's pneumoconiosis?

What is the MOST likely diagnosis in a patient with erythema nodosum and bilateral perihilar infiltrates on chest X-ray?

Which of the following radiographic findings is characteristic of asbestosis?

A patient presents with clubbing and inspiratory crackles on auscultation. A chest CT reveals honeycombing. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

A chest radiograph reveals 'railroad track' markings. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?

Which of the following infectious diseases is characterized by hyperinflation on a radiograph?

A patient with a history of asbestos exposure presents with shortness of breath. Which of the following radiographic findings is MOST specific for asbestosis?

A 2-year-old child presents with a barking cough and stridor. A PA radiograph reveals a 'steeple sign'. Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

A young child presents with acute respiratory distress. The physician suspects either acute bronchiolitis or pneumonia. Which radiographic finding would MOST strongly favor bronchiolitis over pneumonia?

A patient has a chest CT showing a 'tree-in-bud' pattern. In the context of acute bronchiolitis, this finding is BEST visualized on which plane?

A patient presents with acute respiratory distress. A chest X-ray is ordered, but the physician is hesitant to order a CT scan due to radiation exposure. Which population is this patient MOST likely a part of?

A patient with IPF develops superimposed bronchiectasis. Which of the following imaging modalities would be BEST for differentiating these two conditions?

Regarding radiographic findings in children, in which diseases would the physician want to order a lateral X-ray by default?

A 10-month-old infant presents with nasal flaring, cough, and wheezing. Chest x-ray shows hyperinflation, peribronchial thickening (donut sign), and band atelectasis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 24-year-old patient with cystic fibrosis has a chronic cough and purulent sputum. Chest x-ray reveals thickened irregular lines resembling tram tracks and ring shadows. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 5-year-old presents with a barking cough and inspiratory stridor. A neck x-ray reveals subglottic narrowing. What is the name of this radiographic finding?

A child presents in respiratory distress with drooling and dysphagia. Lateral neck x-ray shows an enlarged epiglottis resembling a thumb. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 3-year-old child presents with fever and neck swelling. Lateral neck x-ray reveals widening of the prevertebral soft tissues. What condition is most likely?

A 30-year-old patient has a solitary nodule in the left mid-zone with adjacent satellite nodules and hilar lymphadenopathy. Sputum is positive for acid-fast bacilli. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A chest x-ray reveals calcified pulmonary and hilar lymph nodes in an asymptomatic patient. What is the radiologic term for this finding?

A patient with night sweats and weight loss presents with bilateral upper lobe infiltrates and cavitation. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old presents with weight loss and persistent fever. CXR shows diffuse, tiny 1-3 mm nodules evenly distributed throughout the lungs. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 2-year-old presents with nasal flaring, cough, and difficulty breathing. Chest x-ray shows hyperinflated lungs, flattened diaphragms, and donut-shaped peribronchial thickening. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient with cystic fibrosis has chronic cough and foul-smelling sputum. X-ray shows ring shadows, tram-track lines, and coarse lung markings. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A lateral neck x-ray shows a swollen epiglottis resembling a thumb. What symptom is most expected in this child?

A 50-year-old presents with worsening dyspnea and dry cough. CT shows peripheral subpleural honeycombing and bilateral lower lobe reticular opacities. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Chest x-ray shows bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy with "bat wing" appearance and reticular infiltrates. Which diagnosis fits best?

A 65-year-old male coal miner presents with progressive dyspnea and chronic cough. Chest x-ray reveals small interstitial nodules in the upper lung zones. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A post-op patient presents with unilateral white-out of a lung field and tracheal deviation toward the opacification. What is the most likely finding?

Which sign would help localize right middle lobe pneumonia?

A thin 70-year-old smoker presents with a persistent dry cough. CXR shows hyperinflated lungs, vertical heart, and increased retrosternal space. What's the diagnosis?

A PA CXR shows a peripheral nodule that appears rounded like a snowball with clear borders. What is the most likely conclusion?

A 70-year-old male presents with fever, malaise, and productive cough. CXR shows focal airspace consolidation in the right middle lobe with a positive silhouette sign. What is the most likely etiology?

A CXR shows bilateral, diffuse interstitial infiltrates with reticulonodular opacities and peribronchial thickening in a patient with dry cough and low-grade fever. COVID PCR is positive. What pattern of pneumonia is this?

A patient with AIDS presents with progressive dyspnea. Chest x-ray shows bilateral perihilar ground-glass opacities. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 64-year-old man presents with dyspnea. Chest x-ray reveals pleural plaques and reticular opacities at lung bases. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Chest x-ray of a patient with silicosis will most likely reveal:

A patient with a history of TB presents with cavitary lesions in the lung apices and upper lobe infiltrates. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A child presents with fever, stridor, and drooling. A PA neck x-ray shows a “steeple sign.” What is the next best step?

A lung mass appears as a sharply demarcated, smooth, round lesion under 2.5 cm and shows internal calcification. It has not changed over 2 years. What is the most likely cause?

A chest x-ray shows loss of the left hemidiaphragm border. Which lobe is most likely involved?

A chest x-ray reveals air-filled bronchi visible against a background of dense consolidation. Which radiographic sign is this?

A peripheral lung nodule appears rounded and well defined, resembling a snowball just before impact. This suggests the mass is:

A patient's chest x-ray shows complete opacification of one hemithorax and shift of the trachea toward the opacification. Which of the following is most likely?

A chest x-ray shows loss of the right heart border. Which lobe is most likely affected?

A PA chest film shows a thin white line with absent vascular markings peripheral to it and a shift of mediastinal structures away from the lesion. What is the most likely finding?

A patient has a chest x-ray showing bilateral lower lobe reticular opacities and subpleural honeycombing. There is also loss of lung volume. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A chest x-ray reveals a diffuse, uniform pattern of 1-3 mm pulmonary nodules across both lung fields in a patient with high fevers and night sweats. What is the most likely cause?

A PA chest x-ray shows hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy with a Ghon focus. What does this finding represent?

Which radiographic feature best distinguishes inactive (latent) TB from active TB?

A 40-year-old presents with cough and malaise. CXR shows bilateral perihilar infiltrates without parenchymal infiltrate and no cavitation. Which diagnosis is most likely?

A patient with sarcoidosis has progressed disease. What finding may be seen in late stages?

A patient has a chest x-ray with multiple round lung nodules of variable size in both lungs. The patient has known metastatic cervical cancer. What term describes this appearance?

Chest x-ray shows fine, net-like linear opacities in a peripheral, bibasilar distribution. No nodules are seen. Which radiographic term best describes this pattern?

A chest x-ray shows a peripheral lesion with flattened edges and obtuse angles against the chest wall, resembling a squashed snowball. What does this suggest?

A well-circumscribed 2.5 cm round nodule is seen on chest x-ray with internal calcification and smooth borders. It has remained stable for 3 years. What is the likely diagnosis?

A PA chest x-ray shows a large, uniform white opacity in the left lung field with a meniscus-shaped upper border and blunting of the costophrenic angle. There is no mediastinal shift. What is the most likely diagnosis?