British Imperialism: Early Trade to Territorial Expansion

British East India Company (EIC) established in 1600 to trade with India and other Asian countries
Initial focus on trade, not territorial conquest
British traders and explorers, such as Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh, began to establish trade routes and outposts in India and other parts of Asia

British EIC's growing power and influence in India led to conflicts with local rulers and European rivals
British government began to provide military support to the EIC, gradually increasing its control over Indian territories
Key events:
- Battle of Plassey (1757): British EIC defeated Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal, marking the beginning of British rule in India
- Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767-1799): British EIC defeated Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, and expanded its territory in southern India

British government formally took control of India from the EIC in 1858, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857
British India expanded through a series of annexations, wars, and treaties, eventually becoming the British Raj
Key events:
- Indian Rebellion of 1857: widespread uprising against British rule, ultimately crushed by the British
- Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839-1919): British attempts to expand into Afghanistan, ultimately leading to the country's independence
- Scramble for Africa (1881-1914): British competition with other European powers for colonial territories in Africa

Economic motivation: desire to exploit India's natural resources, trade opportunities, and strategic location
Cultural and racial superiority: British believed in their duty to "civilize" and "modernize" Indian society
Divide and rule: British exploited existing divisions within Indian society, such as caste and religious differences, to maintain control

Economic exploitation: drain of India's wealth, destruction of traditional industries, and imposition of British economic systems
Social and cultural changes: introduction of Western education, language, and customs, leading to cultural hybridity and identity conflicts
Political and administrative reforms: establishment of a centralized, bureaucratic government, and the creation of a new elite class of Indians serving the British Raj

British East India Company (EIC) established in 1600 to trade with India and other Asian countries
Initial focus on trade, not territorial conquest, with British traders and explorers establishing trade routes and outposts in India and other parts of Asia
Key figures: Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh, who began to establish trade routes and outposts in India and other parts of Asia

British EIC's growing power and influence in India led to conflicts with local rulers and European rivals
British government began to provide military support to the EIC, gradually increasing its control over Indian territories
The Battle of Plassey (1757) marked the beginning of British rule in India, with the British EIC defeating Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal
The Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767-1799) saw the British EIC defeat Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, and expand its territory in southern India

British government formally took control of India from the EIC in 1858, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Expansion through a series of annexations, wars, and treaties, eventually becoming the British Raj
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a widespread uprising against British rule, ultimately crushed by the British
The Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839-1919) saw British attempts to expand into Afghanistan, ultimately leading to the country's independence
The Scramble for Africa (1881-1914) saw British competition with other European powers for colonial territories in Africa

Economic motivation: desire to exploit India's natural resources, trade opportunities, and strategic location
Cultural and racial superiority: British believed in their duty to "civilize" and "modernize" Indian society
Divide and rule: British exploited existing divisions within Indian society, such as caste and religious differences, to maintain control

Economic exploitation: drain of India's wealth, destruction of traditional industries, and imposition of British economic systems
Social and cultural changes: introduction of Western education, language, and customs, leading to cultural hybridity and identity conflicts
Political and administrative reforms: establishment of a centralized, bureaucratic government, and the creation of a new elite class of Indians serving the British Raj