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What was a key component of the US biological weapons program established in 1943?
What was a key component of the US biological weapons program established in 1943?
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a laboratory hazard?
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a laboratory hazard?
What aspect of biosafety and biosecurity is emphasized for students to articulate?
What aspect of biosafety and biosecurity is emphasized for students to articulate?
Which entity is associated with the establishment of a biological weapons program in 1943?
Which entity is associated with the establishment of a biological weapons program in 1943?
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What classification is established to manage laboratory biosafety efforts?
What classification is established to manage laboratory biosafety efforts?
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Which of the following best describes a standard precaution in laboratory settings?
Which of the following best describes a standard precaution in laboratory settings?
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Which year marks the beginning of significant developments in laboratory biosafety due to biological weapons programs?
Which year marks the beginning of significant developments in laboratory biosafety due to biological weapons programs?
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What was officially expired in 2014 regarding laboratory biorisk management?
What was officially expired in 2014 regarding laboratory biorisk management?
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Which document focuses on providing biosafety guidance for research and health laboratories?
Which document focuses on providing biosafety guidance for research and health laboratories?
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What is one major goal of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety?
What is one major goal of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety?
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Which organization focuses on the safe transfer and handling of living modified organisms?
Which organization focuses on the safe transfer and handling of living modified organisms?
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Which executive order established the National Biosafety Framework in the Philippines?
Which executive order established the National Biosafety Framework in the Philippines?
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Which of the following is a responsibility of clinical laboratories per DOH AO No. 2007-0027?
Which of the following is a responsibility of clinical laboratories per DOH AO No. 2007-0027?
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What does the DA Administrative Order No. 8 specifically address?
What does the DA Administrative Order No. 8 specifically address?
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Which association promotes biosafety and biosecurity in North America?
Which association promotes biosafety and biosecurity in North America?
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What is the primary function of the European Biological Safety Association (EBSA)?
What is the primary function of the European Biological Safety Association (EBSA)?
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What is the goal of the Philippine Biosafety and Biosecurity Association (PhBBA)?
What is the goal of the Philippine Biosafety and Biosecurity Association (PhBBA)?
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Which of the following best describes biosafety?
Which of the following best describes biosafety?
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What is the purpose of biosecurity in laboratories?
What is the purpose of biosecurity in laboratories?
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Which scenario best illustrates the concept of biosafety?
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of biosafety?
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Which of the following describes the accountability measures associated with biosecurity?
Which of the following describes the accountability measures associated with biosecurity?
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What does the adage 'Biosafety protects people from germs. Biosecurity protects germs from people.' imply?
What does the adage 'Biosafety protects people from germs. Biosecurity protects germs from people.' imply?
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Which regulation contains policies on the importation of plants from modern biotechnology?
Which regulation contains policies on the importation of plants from modern biotechnology?
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Who developed specific technical solutions in modified biosafety design?
Who developed specific technical solutions in modified biosafety design?
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What significant action took place in the year 1974 by the CDC?
What significant action took place in the year 1974 by the CDC?
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Which organization published the Laboratory Safety Manual between 1983 and 1984?
Which organization published the Laboratory Safety Manual between 1983 and 1984?
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What was the focus of the analyses conducted by Arnold Wedum and Morton Reitman in 1966?
What was the focus of the analyses conducted by Arnold Wedum and Morton Reitman in 1966?
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What significant biosafety law was enacted in the US government in 1996?
What significant biosafety law was enacted in the US government in 1996?
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In which year did Arnold Wedum describe the use of mechanical pipettors?
In which year did Arnold Wedum describe the use of mechanical pipettors?
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What did the amendment to the Select Agent Regulations in 2001 primarily address?
What did the amendment to the Select Agent Regulations in 2001 primarily address?
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What does Japan's Infectious Disease Control Law categorize?
What does Japan's Infectious Disease Control Law categorize?
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Which country enacted a biological agents and toxins act in 2005 with harsher penalties than the US?
Which country enacted a biological agents and toxins act in 2005 with harsher penalties than the US?
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What was the primary purpose of ventilated cabinets as described by Arnold Wedum?
What was the primary purpose of ventilated cabinets as described by Arnold Wedum?
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What is the primary goal of articulating the importance of biosafety and biosecurity in health sciences?
What is the primary goal of articulating the importance of biosafety and biosecurity in health sciences?
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Which component is NOT part of the chain of infection?
Which component is NOT part of the chain of infection?
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In terms of laboratory biosafety, which classification group would contain microorganisms that pose a low risk to healthy adults?
In terms of laboratory biosafety, which classification group would contain microorganisms that pose a low risk to healthy adults?
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What is an essential precaution when using chemicals and reagents in a laboratory?
What is an essential precaution when using chemicals and reagents in a laboratory?
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What is considered a significant factor in laboratory biosafety and biosecurity practices?
What is considered a significant factor in laboratory biosafety and biosecurity practices?
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What is the primary goal of the chain of infection in laboratory settings?
What is the primary goal of the chain of infection in laboratory settings?
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Which of the following correctly identifies a component of laboratory biosafety?
Which of the following correctly identifies a component of laboratory biosafety?
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Which category is NOT included in the classification of microorganisms according to risk groups?
Which category is NOT included in the classification of microorganisms according to risk groups?
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What is a significant purpose of standard precautions in the laboratory?
What is a significant purpose of standard precautions in the laboratory?
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Which factor plays a crucial role in ensuring biosafety and biosecurity in health sciences?
Which factor plays a crucial role in ensuring biosafety and biosecurity in health sciences?
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What is one key goal of articulating the importance of biosafety and biosecurity in health sciences?
What is one key goal of articulating the importance of biosafety and biosecurity in health sciences?
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Which of the following best describes a component of the chain of infection?
Which of the following best describes a component of the chain of infection?
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What is a primary focus of standard precautions in laboratory settings?
What is a primary focus of standard precautions in laboratory settings?
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Which of the following best characterizes the categories of laboratory biosafety according to levels?
Which of the following best characterizes the categories of laboratory biosafety according to levels?
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What essential aspect should be ensured when storing chemicals and reagents in a laboratory?
What essential aspect should be ensured when storing chemicals and reagents in a laboratory?
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What is the main purpose of the chain of infection in laboratory settings?
What is the main purpose of the chain of infection in laboratory settings?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in laboratory biosafety?
Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in laboratory biosafety?
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What role does standard precautions play in laboratory biosafety?
What role does standard precautions play in laboratory biosafety?
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What is an essential characteristic of biosafety cabinets?
What is an essential characteristic of biosafety cabinets?
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Which statement best reflects the importance of articulating biosafety and biosecurity in health sciences?
Which statement best reflects the importance of articulating biosafety and biosecurity in health sciences?
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Study Notes
Brief History of Laboratory Biosafety
- The US biological weapons program began in 1943 under President Franklin Roosevelt.
- Ira L. Baldwin established a biological weapons program in 1943, where biosafety was an inherent component of biological weapons development.
- Newell A Johnson modified biosafety design after World War II and developed specific technical solutions.
- Arnold Wedum and Morton Reitman analyzed multiple epidemiological studies of laboratory-based outbreaks in 1966.
- The CDC (Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention) classified etiological agents based on hazard level in 1974, leading to the NIH (National Institutes of Health) guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA molecules in 1976.
- The WHO (World Health Organization) published the Laboratory Safety Manual in 1983-1984 – also published by the CDC & NIH – Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories.
- Arnold Wedum was recognized as one of the pioneers of biosafety in 1994.
- Arnold Wedum described the use of mechanical pipettors and ventilated cabinets in 1907-1908.
- Ventilated cabinets were used to prevent infecting patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1909.
Brief History of Laboratory Biosecurity
- The US Government enacted the Select Agent Regulations in 1996, which were revised in 2001 after the Anthrax Attacks (Amerithrax).
- Singapore’s Biological Agents and Toxins Act was enacted in 2005 with harsher penalties for the possession of biological agents compared to the US regulations.
- South Korea’s Act on Prevention Infectious Diseases was also enacted in 2005, naming specific "highly dangerous pathogens."
- Japan's Infectious Disease Control Law was enacted, which defined four schedules of select agents.
- Canada implemented Containment Level 3 and 4, which requires laboratories to undergo certification.
- In 2008, the Danish Parliament authorized the Ministry of Health and Prevention to regulate ownership of select agents.
Guidelines
- The Comite Europeen de Normalisation (CEN) Workshop Agreement 15793 focused on laboratory biorisk management, developed by experts from 24 countries and officially expired in 2014.
- The WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual provides biosafety guidance for research and health laboratories.
- The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety ensures adequate protection when handling/using living modified organisms (LMOs).
- The National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP) was established under E.O. 430 in 1990, managed by DOH, DA, DOST, and DENR.
- E.O. 514 established the National Biosafety Framework, providing guidelines for all biosafety policies, measures, and decisions.
- DA Administrative Order No. 8 outlines policies for the importation and release of plants and plant products derived from modern biotechnology.
- The Department of Health, alongside the NCBP, formulated guidelines for clinical laboratories to ensure policies on laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (DOH AO No. 2007-0027).
Different Organizations in the Field of Biosafety
- The American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) promotes biosafety and biosecurity as a scientific discipline and provides guidance on regulatory regimes.
- The Asia-Pacific Biosafety Association (A-PBA) is a professional society for biosafety professionals in the Asia-Pacific Region.
- The European Biological Safety Association (EBSA) provides a forum for discussions on biosafety topics.
- The Philippine Biosafety and Biosecurity Association (PhBBA) assists the DA and DOH with national policies for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity.
- The Biological Risk Association Philippines (BRAP) addresses biological risk management concerns across different professional fields.
Basic Concepts
- Biosafety measures protect workers from hazards and prevent the spread of hazardous agents from the laboratory.
- Biosecurity ensures the safe use and security of biological materials, preventing unauthorized access, theft, or misuse.
- Biosafety protects people from germs.
- Biosecurity protects germs from people.
Chain of Infection
- Understanding the chain of infection is crucial for preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
- It outlines the steps involved in the transmission of infection from one person to another.
- The components of the chain of infection are:
- Infectious Agent: The pathogen (virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite) that causes the disease.
- Reservoir: The place where the pathogen lives and multiplies (e.g., humans, animals, surfaces).
- Portal of Exit: The way the pathogen leaves the reservoir (e.g., respiratory droplets, blood).
- Mode of Transmission: How the pathogen travels from the reservoir to the host (e.g., air, direct contact, contaminated surfaces).
- Portal of Entry: How the pathogen enters the new host (e.g., respiratory system, wound).
- Susceptible Host: An individual who is at risk of infection due to a weakened immune system or lack of immunity.
- Breaking the chain of infection at any point can prevent the spread of disease.
- This knowledge is particularly relevant in healthcare settings where infectious diseases are often more prevalent.
Chain of Infection
- Understanding the chain of infection is crucial for preventing the spread of diseases and maintaining a safe laboratory environment
- The chain of infection outlines the steps necessary for an infectious agent to cause disease
Components of the Chain of Infection
- Infectious Agent: This refers to the pathogen responsible for causing disease, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
- Reservoir: This refers to the place where an infectious agent lives and multiplies, which can be a human, animal, or environmental source.
- Portal of Exit: This describes how the infectious agent leaves the reservoir, such as through coughing, sneezing, or open wounds.
- Mode of Transmission: This refers to the method of transfer from the reservoir to a susceptible host, such as direct contact, airborne transmission, or contaminated objects.
- Portal of Entry: This describes how the infectious agent enters a new host, such as through the respiratory system, mucous membranes, or breaks in the skin.
- Susceptible Host: This refers to an individual who is at risk of contracting the disease due to factors like weakened immune system, age, or underlying health conditions.
Chain of Infection
- The importance of the chain of infection is essential for understanding how diseases spread and implementing measures to prevent their transmission.
- The chain of infection consists of six key elements:
- Infectious Agent: The pathogen causing the disease (e.g., bacteria, viruses, parasites).
- Reservoir: Where the pathogen lives and multiplies (e.g., humans, animals, environment).
- Portal of Exit: How the pathogen leaves the reservoir (e.g., respiratory droplets, feces, blood).
- Mode of Transmission: How the pathogen travels from the reservoir to the host (e.g., air, direct contact, contaminated objects).
- Portal of Entry: How the pathogen enters the new host (e.g., respiratory tract, mucous membranes, skin).
- Susceptible Host: Person or animal vulnerable to infection (e.g., immune-compromised, elderly).
- Understanding each link in the chain helps identify targets for preventing disease spread, including infection control practices and vaccination.
Chain of Infection
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Importance
- Understanding the chain of infection is crucial in the field of health sciences, for preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases in laboratory and clinical settings.
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Components
- Infectious Agent: The pathogen or microorganism that causes the disease.
- Reservoir: The environment where the infectious agent lives and multiplies.
- Portal of Exit: The route the microbe leaves the reservoir
- Mode of Transmission: How the infectious agent moves from the reservoir to a susceptible host, examples include airborne transmission, droplet transmission, direct contact, indirect contact, and vector transmission.
- Portal of Entry: The route used by the infectious agent to enter the host.
- Susceptible Host: An individual who is at risk of becoming infected due to factors such as weakened immune system, age, and pre-existing conditions.
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Description
Explore the significant milestones in the history of laboratory biosafety, from the origins of the US biological weapons program in 1943 to the establishment of guidelines by the CDC and WHO. This quiz covers the evolution of biosafety practices and the contributions of key figures in the field. Test your knowledge on the advancements that have shaped the biosafety landscape over the decades.
