Brief History of Laboratory Biosafety
53 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What was a key component of the US biological weapons program established in 1943?

  • Incorporation of biosafety measures (correct)
  • Public health awareness campaigns
  • Development of laboratory safety protocols
  • Creation of new therapeutic drugs

    • Which of the following is NOT typically considered a laboratory hazard?

  • Biological exposure
  • Personal protective equipment wear (correct)
  • Electrical malfunctions
  • Chemical spills

    • What aspect of biosafety and biosecurity is emphasized for students to articulate?

  • Its historical development
  • The technological innovations in the field
  • The financial aspects of implementation
  • Its importance in health sciences (correct)

    • Which entity is associated with the establishment of a biological weapons program in 1943?

    <p>US President Franklin Roosevelt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification is established to manage laboratory biosafety efforts?

    <p>Levels of laboratory biosafety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a standard precaution in laboratory settings?

    <p>Wearing gloves when handling hazardous materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which year marks the beginning of significant developments in laboratory biosafety due to biological weapons programs?

    <p>1943</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was officially expired in 2014 regarding laboratory biorisk management?

    <p>CEN Workshop Agreement 15793</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which document focuses on providing biosafety guidance for research and health laboratories?

    <p>WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major goal of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety?

    <p>Protect biodiversity from living modified organisms (LMOs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization focuses on the safe transfer and handling of living modified organisms?

    <p>National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which executive order established the National Biosafety Framework in the Philippines?

    <p>E.O. 514</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a responsibility of clinical laboratories per DOH AO No. 2007-0027?

    <p>To ensure compliance with biosafety policy guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the DA Administrative Order No. 8 specifically address?

    <p>Importation of modern biotechnology products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which association promotes biosafety and biosecurity in North America?

    <p>American Biological Safety Association (ABSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the European Biological Safety Association (EBSA)?

    <p>To provide a forum for discussions on biosafety issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of the Philippine Biosafety and Biosecurity Association (PhBBA)?

    <p>To create a national policy for laboratory biosafety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes biosafety?

    <p>Practices to protect workers from hazardous agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of biosecurity in laboratories?

    <p>To protect against biological threats while ensuring safe use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best illustrates the concept of biosafety?

    <p>A laboratory ensures all employees wear personal protective equipment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the accountability measures associated with biosecurity?

    <p>Maintenance of accurate lab records.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the adage 'Biosafety protects people from germs. Biosecurity protects germs from people.' imply?

    <p>Biosafety focuses on human health, while biosecurity focuses on protecting biological research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regulation contains policies on the importation of plants from modern biotechnology?

    <p>DA A.O. No. 8.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed specific technical solutions in modified biosafety design?

    <p>Newell A. Johnson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action took place in the year 1974 by the CDC?

    <p>Classification of Etiological Agents on the Basis of Hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization published the Laboratory Safety Manual between 1983 and 1984?

    <p>World Health Organization (WHO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the analyses conducted by Arnold Wedum and Morton Reitman in 1966?

    <p>Epidemiological studies of laboratory outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant biosafety law was enacted in the US government in 1996?

    <p>Select Agent Regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did Arnold Wedum describe the use of mechanical pipettors?

    <p>1907-1908</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the amendment to the Select Agent Regulations in 2001 primarily address?

    <p>Response to Anthrax attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Japan's Infectious Disease Control Law categorize?

    <p>Select agents into four schedules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country enacted a biological agents and toxins act in 2005 with harsher penalties than the US?

    <p>Singapore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of ventilated cabinets as described by Arnold Wedum?

    <p>To prevent infection from Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of articulating the importance of biosafety and biosecurity in health sciences?

    <p>To ensure safe laboratory practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the chain of infection?

    <p>Lab equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of laboratory biosafety, which classification group would contain microorganisms that pose a low risk to healthy adults?

    <p>Risk group 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential precaution when using chemicals and reagents in a laboratory?

    <p>Using personal protective equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a significant factor in laboratory biosafety and biosecurity practices?

    <p>Routine monitoring of laboratory conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the chain of infection in laboratory settings?

    <p>To prevent transmission of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies a component of laboratory biosafety?

    <p>Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category is NOT included in the classification of microorganisms according to risk groups?

    <p>Unclassified microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant purpose of standard precautions in the laboratory?

    <p>To prevent the spread of infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a crucial role in ensuring biosafety and biosecurity in health sciences?

    <p>Regular staff training and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key goal of articulating the importance of biosafety and biosecurity in health sciences?

    <p>To ensure protection against biological risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a component of the chain of infection?

    <p>Pathogen source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of standard precautions in laboratory settings?

    <p>Minimizing risks of infection transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes the categories of laboratory biosafety according to levels?

    <p>Level 3 involves handling highly infectious agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential aspect should be ensured when storing chemicals and reagents in a laboratory?

    <p>Following safety protocols to prevent hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the chain of infection in laboratory settings?

    <p>To identify and control the spread of infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in laboratory biosafety?

    <p>The aesthetic design of laboratory furniture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does standard precautions play in laboratory biosafety?

    <p>They establish minimum infection control practices for all patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential characteristic of biosafety cabinets?

    <p>They help contain potentially infectious aerosols and spills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the importance of articulating biosafety and biosecurity in health sciences?

    <p>It fosters a culture of awareness and responsibility among health professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Brief History of Laboratory Biosafety

    • The US biological weapons program began in 1943 under President Franklin Roosevelt.
    • Ira L. Baldwin established a biological weapons program in 1943, where biosafety was an inherent component of biological weapons development.
    • Newell A Johnson modified biosafety design after World War II and developed specific technical solutions.
    • Arnold Wedum and Morton Reitman analyzed multiple epidemiological studies of laboratory-based outbreaks in 1966.
    • The CDC (Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention) classified etiological agents based on hazard level in 1974, leading to the NIH (National Institutes of Health) guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA molecules in 1976.
    • The WHO (World Health Organization) published the Laboratory Safety Manual in 1983-1984 – also published by the CDC & NIH – Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories.
    • Arnold Wedum was recognized as one of the pioneers of biosafety in 1994.
    • Arnold Wedum described the use of mechanical pipettors and ventilated cabinets in 1907-1908.
    • Ventilated cabinets were used to prevent infecting patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1909.

    Brief History of Laboratory Biosecurity

    • The US Government enacted the Select Agent Regulations in 1996, which were revised in 2001 after the Anthrax Attacks (Amerithrax).
    • Singapore’s Biological Agents and Toxins Act was enacted in 2005 with harsher penalties for the possession of biological agents compared to the US regulations.
    • South Korea’s Act on Prevention Infectious Diseases was also enacted in 2005, naming specific "highly dangerous pathogens."
    • Japan's Infectious Disease Control Law was enacted, which defined four schedules of select agents.
    • Canada implemented Containment Level 3 and 4, which requires laboratories to undergo certification.
    • In 2008, the Danish Parliament authorized the Ministry of Health and Prevention to regulate ownership of select agents.

    Guidelines

    • The Comite Europeen de Normalisation (CEN) Workshop Agreement 15793 focused on laboratory biorisk management, developed by experts from 24 countries and officially expired in 2014.
    • The WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual provides biosafety guidance for research and health laboratories.
    • The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety ensures adequate protection when handling/using living modified organisms (LMOs).
    • The National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP) was established under E.O. 430 in 1990, managed by DOH, DA, DOST, and DENR.
    • E.O. 514 established the National Biosafety Framework, providing guidelines for all biosafety policies, measures, and decisions.
    • DA Administrative Order No. 8 outlines policies for the importation and release of plants and plant products derived from modern biotechnology.
    • The Department of Health, alongside the NCBP, formulated guidelines for clinical laboratories to ensure policies on laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (DOH AO No. 2007-0027).

    Different Organizations in the Field of Biosafety

    • The American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) promotes biosafety and biosecurity as a scientific discipline and provides guidance on regulatory regimes.
    • The Asia-Pacific Biosafety Association (A-PBA) is a professional society for biosafety professionals in the Asia-Pacific Region.
    • The European Biological Safety Association (EBSA) provides a forum for discussions on biosafety topics.
    • ​​The Philippine Biosafety and Biosecurity Association (PhBBA) assists the DA and DOH with national policies for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity.
    • The Biological Risk Association Philippines (BRAP) addresses biological risk management concerns across different professional fields.

    Basic Concepts

    • Biosafety measures protect workers from hazards and prevent the spread of hazardous agents from the laboratory.
    • Biosecurity ensures the safe use and security of biological materials, preventing unauthorized access, theft, or misuse.
    • Biosafety protects people from germs.
    • Biosecurity protects germs from people.

    Chain of Infection

    • Understanding the chain of infection is crucial for preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
    • It outlines the steps involved in the transmission of infection from one person to another.
    • The components of the chain of infection are:
      • Infectious Agent: The pathogen (virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite) that causes the disease.
      • Reservoir: The place where the pathogen lives and multiplies (e.g., humans, animals, surfaces).
      • Portal of Exit: The way the pathogen leaves the reservoir (e.g., respiratory droplets, blood).
      • Mode of Transmission: How the pathogen travels from the reservoir to the host (e.g., air, direct contact, contaminated surfaces).
      • Portal of Entry: How the pathogen enters the new host (e.g., respiratory system, wound).
      • Susceptible Host: An individual who is at risk of infection due to a weakened immune system or lack of immunity.
    • Breaking the chain of infection at any point can prevent the spread of disease.
    • This knowledge is particularly relevant in healthcare settings where infectious diseases are often more prevalent.

    Chain of Infection

    • Understanding the chain of infection is crucial for preventing the spread of diseases and maintaining a safe laboratory environment
    • The chain of infection outlines the steps necessary for an infectious agent to cause disease

    Components of the Chain of Infection

    • Infectious Agent: This refers to the pathogen responsible for causing disease, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
    • Reservoir: This refers to the place where an infectious agent lives and multiplies, which can be a human, animal, or environmental source.
    • Portal of Exit: This describes how the infectious agent leaves the reservoir, such as through coughing, sneezing, or open wounds.
    • Mode of Transmission: This refers to the method of transfer from the reservoir to a susceptible host, such as direct contact, airborne transmission, or contaminated objects.
    • Portal of Entry: This describes how the infectious agent enters a new host, such as through the respiratory system, mucous membranes, or breaks in the skin.
    • Susceptible Host: This refers to an individual who is at risk of contracting the disease due to factors like weakened immune system, age, or underlying health conditions.

    Chain of Infection

    • The importance of the chain of infection is essential for understanding how diseases spread and implementing measures to prevent their transmission.
    • The chain of infection consists of six key elements:
      • Infectious Agent: The pathogen causing the disease (e.g., bacteria, viruses, parasites).
      • Reservoir: Where the pathogen lives and multiplies (e.g., humans, animals, environment).
      • Portal of Exit: How the pathogen leaves the reservoir (e.g., respiratory droplets, feces, blood).
      • Mode of Transmission: How the pathogen travels from the reservoir to the host (e.g., air, direct contact, contaminated objects).
      • Portal of Entry: How the pathogen enters the new host (e.g., respiratory tract, mucous membranes, skin).
      • Susceptible Host: Person or animal vulnerable to infection (e.g., immune-compromised, elderly).
    • Understanding each link in the chain helps identify targets for preventing disease spread, including infection control practices and vaccination.

    Chain of Infection

    • Importance
      • Understanding the chain of infection is crucial in the field of health sciences, for preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases in laboratory and clinical settings.
    • Components
      • Infectious Agent: The pathogen or microorganism that causes the disease.
      • Reservoir: The environment where the infectious agent lives and multiplies.
      • Portal of Exit: The route the microbe leaves the reservoir
      • Mode of Transmission: How the infectious agent moves from the reservoir to a susceptible host, examples include airborne transmission, droplet transmission, direct contact, indirect contact, and vector transmission.
      • Portal of Entry: The route used by the infectious agent to enter the host.
      • Susceptible Host: An individual who is at risk of becoming infected due to factors such as weakened immune system, age, and pre-existing conditions.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    UST General Santos Laboratory Biosafety & Biosecurity PDF
    UST General Santos Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity PDF

    Description

    Explore the significant milestones in the history of laboratory biosafety, from the origins of the US biological weapons program in 1943 to the establishment of guidelines by the CDC and WHO. This quiz covers the evolution of biosafety practices and the contributions of key figures in the field. Test your knowledge on the advancements that have shaped the biosafety landscape over the decades.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser