Breathing Processes and Gas Exchange
42 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of pulmonary embolism?

  • Chest tightness
  • Productive cough
  • Chronic cough
  • Sudden dyspnea (correct)

Which of the following conditions is characterized by chest pain that worsens with breathing or coughing?

  • Tuberculosis
  • Asthma
  • Pneumonia
  • Pleurisy (correct)

Which buffering mechanism involves the excretion or reabsorption of H⁺ and HCO₃⁻?

  • Respiratory regulation
  • Renal regulation (correct)
  • Hemodynamic regulation
  • Bicarbonate buffer system

What type of pneumothorax occurs without any trauma?

<p>Spontaneous pneumothorax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary system does the body use to quickly react to changes in pH?

<p>Bicarbonate buffer system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by a blood pH that rises above 7.45?

<p>Alkalosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which buffer system is primarily responsible for regulating pH in the blood?

<p>Bicarbonate buffer system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increased levels of carbon dioxide have on blood pH?

<p>Lowers pH level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolic alkalosis primarily associated with?

<p>Excessive loss of hydrogen ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would primarily lead to respiratory acidosis?

<p>Hypoventilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymphatic vessels?

<p>Carry lymph to the bloodstream and filter pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Respiratory Acidosis?

<p>High CO₂ due to hypoventilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily involved in the maturation of T-cells?

<p>Thymus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is characterized by the production of antibodies after exposure to a pathogen?

<p>Active immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Metabolic Alkalosis?

<p>High pH and high HCO₃⁻ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after forced expiration known as?

<p>Residual Volume (RV) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the spleen in the immune system?

<p>Activate immune cells and filter old red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for maturing T lymphocytes?

<p>Thymus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right side of the head, neck, and arm?

<p>Right Lymphatic Duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is acquired through natural infection?

<p>Natural Active Immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?

<p>Trachea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by swelling due to lymphatic obstruction?

<p>Lymphedema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of lymphatic capillaries that distinguishes them from blood capillaries?

<p>They absorb interstitial fluid and larger molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is considered a non-specific defense mechanism?

<p>Inflammation and physical barriers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for filtering blood and recycling red blood cells?

<p>Spleen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total lung capacity if the vital capacity is approximately 4800 mL and the residual volume is approximately 1200 mL?

<p>6000 mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function do the vocal cords serve in the larynx?

<p>Produce sound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure acts as a gateway to the trachea and prevents food from entering the airways?

<p>Epiglottis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cilia lining the trachea?

<p>Filter incoming air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of air exchanged during normal breathing known as?

<p>Tidal Volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily occurs in the alveoli?

<p>Gas exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the exchange of gases between blood and the tissues?

<p>Internal Respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during expiration?

<p>Diaphragm relaxes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by blood pH falling below 7.35?

<p>Acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscles primarily contract during inspiration?

<p>Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following breathing patterns indicates rapid, shallow breathing?

<p>Tachypnea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during expiration?

<p>It rises above atmospheric pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Cheyne-Stokes respiration?

<p>Gradual increases and decreases in breathing with periods of apnea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which respiratory process does oxygen diffuse into the pulmonary capillaries?

<p>External respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes Kussmaul respiration?

<p>Increased depth and rate of breathing with metabolic acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a component of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

<p>Chronic bronchitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hyperventilation characterized by?

<p>Increased depth and rate of breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Asthma

Airway narrowing caused by inflammation and muscle tightening. Leads to wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

Pneumonia

Inflammation of the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, usually caused by infection. Common symptoms include productive cough, fever, and difficulty breathing.

Pneumothorax

Lung condition where air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. Can be spontaneous (without injury) or traumatic.

Pleural Effusion

Fluid buildup in the space between the lung and chest wall. Can be caused by heart failure, infection, or cancer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bicarbonate Buffer System

The body's primary buffer system, using bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) to neutralize acids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inspiration (Inhalation)

The process of taking in air, involving active muscle contraction to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure and allowing air to flow in.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Expiration (Exhalation)

The process of expelling air, usually passive during quiet breathing. It involves relaxation of the diaphragm and sometimes muscle contraction to decrease the thoracic volume, increasing intrapulmonary pressure and expelling air.

Signup and view all the flashcards

External Respiration

Gas exchange occurring in the alveoli, where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange occurring in the tissues, where oxygen diffuses into cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eupnea

Normal breathing with a rate of 12-20 breaths per minute.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tachypnea

Rapid and shallow breathing with a rate greater than 20 breaths per minute.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bradypnea

Slow breathing with a rate less than 12 breaths per minute.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dyspnea

Labored or difficult breathing, often described as shortness of breath.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Respiratory Acidosis

A condition where the lungs are unable to adequately remove CO₂ from the body, leading to a lower pH in the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Respiratory Alkalosis

A condition where the lungs remove too much CO₂ from the body, leading to a higher pH in the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Metabolic Acidosis

A condition where the kidneys are unable to adequately excrete acids, leading to a lower pH in the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Metabolic Alkalosis

A condition where the kidneys retain too much bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), leading to a higher pH in the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tidal Volume (TV)

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The maximum volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inspiration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The maximum volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal expiration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Residual Volume (RV)

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are alveoli?

The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide leaves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is vital capacity?

The maximum amount of air you can exhale after a full inhale.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is residual volume?

The amount of air remaining in your lungs after you exhale, preventing them from collapsing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is inspiration?

The process of breathing in air involving the diaphragm contracting, expanding the chest cavity, and lowering air pressure in the lungs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is expiration?

The process of breathing out air, usually passive, where the diaphragm relaxes, decreasing chest volume, raising air pressure in the lungs, and forcing air out.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is chronic bronchitis?

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, causing a persistent cough with mucus production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is emphysema?

A condition where the alveoli are damaged, causing difficulty in gas exchange.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A blockage in a pulmonary artery in the lungs, commonly caused by blood clots traveling from the legs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Lymph?

A complex fluid containing water, proteins, waste products, and immune cells, such as lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells). It plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and immune responses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Lymphatic Capillaries?

Small vessels that absorb interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding cells) and return it to the circulatory system. They are unique because they are larger and more permeable than blood capillaries, allowing them to absorb larger molecules like proteins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Lymphatic Ducts?

Major channels that collect lymph from different parts of the body and deliver it to the bloodstream. The right lymphatic duct drains the right side of the body, while the thoracic duct drains the rest.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Lymph Nodes?

Small, bean-shaped organs found throughout the body along lymphatic vessels. They filter lymph, remove pathogens, and store immune cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Thymus?

A gland located in the chest that plays a crucial role in the maturation of T-cells, a type of white blood cell that directly attacks infected or cancerous cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Spleen?

A large organ located in the left upper abdomen. It filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and serves as a site for immune cell activation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Innate Immunity?

A non-specific defense mechanism that we are born with, consisting of physical barriers (like skin), phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens, and inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Adaptive Immunity?

A specific immune response triggered by exposure to pathogens. It involves B-cells (which produce antibodies) and T-cells (which attack infected cells directly).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkalosis

Blood pH above 7.45 due to a decrease in hydrogen ions (H+).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Respiratory Mechanism

Regulation of pH through breathing, adjusting CO2 levels in the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Breathing Processes

  • Inspiration (Inhalation) is an active process requiring muscle contraction.
  • Diaphragm contracts, moving downward, increasing thoracic cavity volume.
  • External intercostals contract, lifting and expanding the ribcage.
  • Intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure.
  • Air flows into lungs due to the pressure gradient.

Expiration (Exhalation)

  • Usually a passive process during quiet breathing.
  • Diaphragm relaxes, moving upward.
  • Internal intercostals contract (during forced expiration) depressing the ribcage.
  • Thoracic cavity volume decreases.
  • Intrapulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure.
  • Air is expelled from the lungs.

External Respiration

  • Occurs in the alveoli.
  • Oxygen diffuses into pulmonary capillaries.
  • Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli.

Internal Respiration

  • Occurs in the tissues.
  • Oxygen diffuses into cells.
  • Carbon dioxide diffuses into systemic capillaries.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

A&P Exam #6 Study Guide PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts of breathing processes, including inspiration and expiration, as well as external and internal respiration. Understand the mechanics involved in the inhalation and exhalation processes and how gas exchange occurs at the alveoli and tissue levels.

More Like This

Breathing and Exchange of Gases Quiz
15 questions

Breathing and Exchange of Gases Quiz: Test Your Knowledge

EasyTangent avatar
EasyTangent
Respiratory System and Gas Exchange Process
3 questions

Respiratory System and Gas Exchange Process

InestimableTurquoise avatar
InestimableTurquoise
5.2
21 questions

5.2

UnrealTheory avatar
UnrealTheory
Human Respiration Overview
5 questions

Human Respiration Overview

ProtectiveSyntax4018 avatar
ProtectiveSyntax4018
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser