5.2

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Questions and Answers

What is the product formed when hemoglobin binds with carbon dioxide?

HbCO2 (correct)

HbO2

HHb

H2CO3

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid.

True

What is the role of hemoglobin in buffering blood pH?

Hemoglobin acts as a buffer by binding to hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide, helping to maintain the pH level in the blood.

The equation H2CO3 → HCO3- + H+ represents the conversion of carbonic acid to and .

bicarbonate ion, hydrogen ion Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Internal Respiration = Exchange of gases between blood and tissues External Respiration = Exchange of gases in the lungs Carbonic Anhydrase = Enzyme that aids in the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid Role of Hemoglobin = Transport and buffering of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of CO₂ travels bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin from the tissues into the blood?

27% Signup and view all the answers

Carbonic anhydrase helps to form carbonic acid from CO₂ and water.

True Signup and view all the answers

What role does HCO₃^- play in pH regulation in the lungs?

It acts as a buffer to maintain stable pH. Signup and view all the answers

During external respiration, O₂ combines with Hb to form ______.

HbO2 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of hemoglobin with their descriptions:

Oxyhemoglobin = Formed when oxygen binds to hemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin = Formed when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin Reduced Hemoglobin = Hemoglobin that has released oxygen and bound hydrogen ions Bicarbonate Ion = Important for buffering blood pH Signup and view all the answers

Which ion does not accumulate in the blood surrounding the lungs due to buffering action?

H+ Signup and view all the answers

The majority of CO₂ is transported in the blood as dissolved gas.

False Signup and view all the answers

What products are formed when carbonic acid breaks down?

CO2 and H2O Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the size of the chest cavity during exhalation?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

Carbaminohemoglobin is formed when carbon dioxide attaches to hemoglobin.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the bloodstream?

It catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. Signup and view all the answers

During external respiration, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the ________.

bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances with their roles in respiration:

Carbon dioxide = Forms bicarbonate ions in the blood Oxyhemoglobin = Transport oxygen in the bloodstream Bicarbonate ion = Buffering agent in pH regulation Hydrogen ions = Produced during carbonic acid breakdown Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as bicarbonate ions?

64% Signup and view all the answers

The medulla oblongata is responsible for the initiation of inhalation.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is released from bicarbonate ions when they pick up hydrogen ions?

Carbonic acid Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Respiratory System

The respiratory system provides the body with oxygen, crucial for energy production.
Without oxygen, the body would cease to function within minutes.
The respiratory system collaborates with the circulatory system to deliver oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, all cells.

Four Processes

Breathing (Inhalation/Exhalation):
- Inhalation - Takes in oxygen:
  - The rib cage expands, and the diaphragm contracts (moves downward).
  - This increases the chest cavity's volume and decreases the air pressure within.
  - Air rushes into the lungs.
- Exhalation - Releases carbon dioxide:
  - The rib cage and diaphragm return to their resting positions.
  - This decreases the chest cavity's volume and increases the air pressure within.
  - Air is forced out of the lungs.
External Respiration: Exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood.
Internal Respiration: Exchange of gases between the blood and body tissues/cells
Cellular Respiration: ATP production within cells:
- The formula for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

Breathing: Inhalation and Exhalation

Inhalation:
- Increased levels of CO2 and H+ trigger the breathing center in the brain.
- The medulla oblongata sends nerve impulses.
- The rib muscles contract raising the rib cage.
- The diaphragm contracts, moving downward.
- Chest cavity expands, air pressure drops.
- Air rushes into the lungs.
Exhalation:
- Stretch receptors in the alveoli signal the medulla oblongata to stop signaling.
- The rib cage/diaphragm relax.
- Air pressure increases inside the chest cavity.
- Air is forced out of the lungs.

Negative Pressure

Breathing is driven by negative pressure in the lungs.
The lungs do not actively push air out. Instead, the lower air pressure inside the lungs draws air in.

Additional Receptors

Carotid bodies: Located in the carotid artery.
Aortic bodies: Located in the aorta.
These receptors respond to high hydrogen ion concentration and high carbon dioxide levels in the blood, impacting breathing rates.

Gas Exchange: General Rules

External Respiration:
- High O2 concentration in the alveoli facilitates diffusion into the bloodstream.
- Oxygen binds to hemoglobin forming oxyhemoglobin.
Carbon Dioxide Removal:
- CO2 diffuses from the tissues into the blood.
- Some CO2 dissolves in the blood, and the rest reacts with water, forming bicarbonate ions.
- Bicarbonate ions help transport the CO2 to the lungs.
- CO2 is released from the body during exhalation.

Internal Respiration

Blood to Tissues:
- CO2 diffuses from the tissues into the blood stream
- Hemoglobin picks up CO2, to form carbaminohemoglobin.
- 64% of CO2 reacts with water via carbonic anhydrase to form bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+).
- This releases O2 into the tissues.
The blood leaving the tissues now carries substantial amounts of carbaminohemoglobin as well as reduced hemoglobin.

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Explore the essential functions of the respiratory system and its critical role in oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. This quiz covers the basic processes of breathing, as well as the intricacies of external and internal respiration. Test your knowledge about how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together for human survival.

5.2

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