Breastfeeding and Nutrition Basics

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Questions and Answers

When is mature breast milk produced after childbirth?

Three weeks after birth

One month after birth

One week after birth

Two weeks after birth (correct)

At what age should complementary foods be introduced alongside breast milk?

Nine months

Three months

Six months (correct)

Twelve months

What is the recommended duration for demand breastfeeding?

18 months

24 months (correct)

12 months

36 months

What type of breast milk is produced two weeks post-delivery?

Mature breast milk Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding breastfeeding practices?

Breastfeeding is encouraged for at least 24 months. Signup and view all the answers

What is added to acidified milk to create b-protein milk?

Milk curd (casein) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of protein is found in b-protein milk?

4% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of b-protein milk?

Protein supplementation for deficiencies Signup and view all the answers

Which component primarily contributes to the protein content in b-protein milk?

Casein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about b-protein milk is incorrect?

It has a high lactose content. Signup and view all the answers

What should be the daily dosage of vitamin D after complete healing?

400 IU Signup and view all the answers

In what percentage of cases does infectious occurrence happen?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What action is required regarding vitamin D dosage after recovery?

Reduce the dosage to 400 IU/day Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a significantly low level of albumin in the serum?

Low protein intake Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about vitamin D dosage is correct?

It should be reduced to 400 IU/day after healing. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to urea levels in blood and urine when there is a deficiency of exogenous protein intake?

Urea levels decrease markedly Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most likely associated with low serum albumin and reduced urea levels?

Malnutrition due to low protein consumption Signup and view all the answers

If an individual is part of the 90% where infection occurs, what impact could this have on their vitamin D requirements?

They might require adjustment of the dosage post-infection. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between albumin levels and protein intake?

Lower albumin levels indicate inadequate protein intake. Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic process is directly impacted by low exogenous protein intake?

Reduced urea cycle efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant cause of neonatal pneumonia?

Group B Streptococci Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with causing neonatal pneumonia?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae Signup and view all the answers

In addition to Group B Streptococci, which other bacteria can cause neonatal pneumonia?

Escherichia coli Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial group is noted for its occasional role in neonatal pneumonia?

Hemophilus influenzae Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

It lacks a cell wall and can cause respiratory infections. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant cause of bacterial pneumonia mentioned?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage of amoxicillin for mildly ill children?

100 mg/kg/d Signup and view all the answers

Among the following, which one is NOT a classical causative agent of bacterial pneumonia?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options best describes the patient group for the recommended amoxicillin dosage?

Mildly ill children Signup and view all the answers

Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis a noteworthy concern in relation to pneumonia?

It is a significant cause of bacterial pneumonia. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Premature Newborn

A premature newborn is a baby born before week 37 of gestation.
Mothers' age less than 17 or over 35 years.
Minimal breast tissue (less than 10 mm in diameter), flat nipples, barely visible.

Post-Term Newborn

Born after 42 weeks of gestation (calculated from the mother's last menstrual period).
Incidence: nearly 12% of pregnancies.

Newborn Temperature

Normal axillary temperature: 36.3-37.3°C.
Hypothermia: body temperature below 36.5°C axillary.
Monitor temperature every 30 minutes or as needed to maintain proper range.

Newborn Care

Use portholes instead of larger doors whenever possible during care (incubation temperature: 28-32°C to 35°C.)

Hyperthermia

Body temperature above 37.5°C axillary.
Associated conditions (causes): hyperthermia.
Jaundice may appear if serum bilirubin is above 7 mg/dL due to an increased number of red blood cells.

Serum Bilirubin Levels

Total serum bilirubin should never exceed 12 mg/dL in full-term newborns and 15 mg/dL in pre-term newborns.
Direct bilirubin should not exceed 1 mg/dL.
Daily increase of serum bilirubin should never exceed 5 mg/dL;

Phototherapy Indications

Used when bilirubin levels reach certain thresholds based on the day of life:
- Day 1: 5-9 mg/dL
- Day 2: 9-15 mg/dL
- Day 3: 15-20 mg/dL.

Nursing Responsibilities

Keep the newborn NPO for 2-4 hours before exchange transfusion to prevent aspiration.
Tachypnea: up to 80-120 breaths per minute.

Daily Caloric Requirements

Approximately 80-110 kcal/kg for the first year of life, decreasing by about 10 kcal/kg every three years until adolescence.
Ideal food provides carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in a balanced way.

Feeding/Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding mothers initiate breastfeeding within half an hour after birth.
Breastfeeding for 24 months. Introduce complimentary foods around 6 months.
Number of feeds: varies (6-7 feeds/day, 5-6 feeds/day, or 4-5 feeds/day)

Newborn Feeding Quantities

First week: 10 ml/feed/day gradually increasing by 10 ml/feed by the end of the first day.
Week 1-month: 70 ml/feed/day, gradually increasing by 10 ml/week.
After one month: 110 ml/feed/day, gradually increasing by 10 ml/month

Infant Nutritional Requirements

Infant daily fat requirements: 2.5-3.5 g/kg for infants and 2 g/kg for older children.
Fats provide energy, aid in vitamin absorption, and are essential for nervous system function

###Dehydration

Daily water requirement: approximately 150 ml/kg/day in the first year of life decreasing by 25 ml/kg per 3 years, till adolescence.

Vomiting/Nausea

Vomiting: forceful emptying of stomach contents through the mouth.
Nausea and abdominal discomfort often precede vomiting.

Intestinal Obstructions

Symptoms appear within 24 hours after birth.

Diarrhea

Acute: Watery diarrhea (common, 80% of cases), lasting 3-4 days and improving over the next 4-5 days.
Dysentery: Loose stools containing blood (less common, 5-10% of cases).

Dehydration Levels

Mild: Weight loss less than 5% of body weight.
Moderate: Weight loss 5-10% of body weight.
Severe: Weight loss greater than 10% of body weight.

Infant Feeding Methods

Calculate feeding quantities per feed based on infant weight (60 g x 2 + 20 = 140 cc/feed)
b-protein milk: Acidified milk with added milk curd (casein), high protein content (4%).

Kwashiorkor

Protein deficiency despite adequate calories.
Symptoms include apathy, edema, anorexia, growth failure, and fatty liver infiltration.

Marasmus

Severe deficiency of calories and proteins.
The diagnosis is characterized by extreme emaciation, weighing less than 60% of standard weight.
Symptoms include growth failure, dehydration, loss of body fat, and muscle wasting.

Bacterial Pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae is more frequent than H influenzae in infants (up to age 5).
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be a cause
Treatment: parenteral cefuroxime or Vancomycin if penicillin or cepahlosporein resistance is noted.

Other Notable points

Fever treatment: Antipyretics (acetaminophen).
Vitamin D administration: 1500–5000 IU/day (in 3 divided doses), for 4 weeks.
Shock therapy (IM injection) of 600,000 IU vitamin D in a single dose may be needed if healing does not occur within the first 2 weeks.
In case of complete healing, reduce the dose to 400 IU/day.

Diabetes Mellitus

Ketoacidosis (initial presentation in approximately 25% of children)
Laboratory diagnosis: glucosuria, ketonuria, random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL, or fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL.

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Description

Test your knowledge on breastfeeding practices, the introduction of complementary foods, and important nutrients like vitamin D in this quiz. Gain insights into mature breast milk and b-protein milk, including their production, composition, and uses. Perfect for parents and caregivers wanting to understand infant nutrition!