Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the most common presenting symptom of breast lumps?
What is the most common presenting symptom of breast lumps?
- Pain
- Discomfort
- Incidental finding or self breast examination (correct)
- Fever
Which quadrant is most commonly affected by breast lumps?
Which quadrant is most commonly affected by breast lumps?
- Lower outer quadrant
- Lower inner quadrant
- Upper outer quadrant (correct)
- Upper inner quadrant
Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with breast lumps?
Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with breast lumps?
- Tenderness (correct)
- Hard consistency
- Irregular shape
- Painlessness
What does fixity in a breast lump refer to?
What does fixity in a breast lump refer to?
What is a key feature that might suggest Paget's disease in relation to a breast lump?
What is a key feature that might suggest Paget's disease in relation to a breast lump?
Which factor is NOT a known risk factor for developing breast cancer?
Which factor is NOT a known risk factor for developing breast cancer?
What symptom is associated with late-stage features of breast cancer?
What symptom is associated with late-stage features of breast cancer?
Which of the following statements regarding BRCA mutations is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding BRCA mutations is accurate?
Which type of hormone replacement therapy poses a greater risk for developing breast cancer?
Which type of hormone replacement therapy poses a greater risk for developing breast cancer?
Which dietary component is suggested to be at lower levels among individuals at risk for breast cancer?
Which dietary component is suggested to be at lower levels among individuals at risk for breast cancer?
Flashcards
Breast lump characteristics
Breast lump characteristics
Breast lumps often present as painless, progressive, and irregularly shaped masses, commonly located in the upper outer quadrant. They are typically non-tender, hard, and may have poorly defined edges. There might be fixity (unable to move the lump independently from the surrounding tissue) with varying sizes.
Diagnosis to rule out
Diagnosis to rule out
In a 45-year-old female with a breast lump, malignant breast cancer must be ruled out.
Breast Cancer in men
Breast Cancer in men
Breast cancer is extremely rare in men, often occurring in less than 0.5% of cases compared to women.
Clinical Evaluation for Breast Lump
Clinical Evaluation for Breast Lump
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Nipple/Areola changes
Nipple/Areola changes
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Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
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Hormonal Factors for Breast Cancer
Hormonal Factors for Breast Cancer
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Genetic Mutations and Breast Cancer
Genetic Mutations and Breast Cancer
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Late-Stage Breast Cancer Symptoms
Late-Stage Breast Cancer Symptoms
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Benign Breast Diseases & Cancer Risk
Benign Breast Diseases & Cancer Risk
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Study Notes
Breast Lump - Differential Diagnosis and Workup
- Patient Presentation: A 45-year-old female with a progressively enlarging lump in the upper outer quadrant of her right breast for 6 months. She is concerned and presents to the surgical clinic.
Possible Diagnoses to Rule Out
- Breast Cancer: This is the primary concern given the presentation of a persistent, growing lump.
Diagnostic Approach
- Detailed History: Obtain a complete history, including family history of breast cancer, early menarche vs late menopause, use of hormonal therapies (OCPs, HRT). Assess risk factors such as obesity, and diet for understanding potential influence. Assess any prior radiation therapy.
- Physical Examination: Perform a thorough breast examination, noting the size, shape, consistency, location, and mobility of the lump and the skin overlying the area. Evaluate nipple/areola for any changes (retraction, discharge, skin changes). Assess for any associated skin changes (redness, puckering, dimpling).
- Imaging:
- Mammography: A cornerstone in breast cancer diagnostics, particularly for women over 40. If suspect a cancer, mammography will be done as early as possible.
- Ultrasound: Useful for differentiating solid from cystic masses or for further evaluation of the breast lump.
- MRI: Useful in certain cases , particularly for dense breasts.
- Biopsy: If the above imaging and physical examination are inconclusive, surgical biopsy or needle biopsy of the suspicious mass is indicated. This is the conclusive method for definitive diagnosis. Confirm a proper and reliable specimen/sample. It’s important to get the proper sample from a qualified person to avoid misdiagnosis.
Important Clinical Features (Breast Cancer)
- Location: Upper outer quadrant is a common location.
- Consistency: Often hard in consistency.
- Shape: Typically irregular in shape.
- Mobility/Fixity: Assess for fixation to skin or underlying structures.
- Skin Changes: Look for redness, dimpling, peau d'orange appearance (orange-peel texture) for signs of infiltration.
Other Important Considerations
- Benign Breast Conditions: Rule out benign breast conditions such as cysts or fibroadenomas.
- Risk Factors: Many factors, including genetics (BRCA1/2 mutations, p53 etc.), hormonal history, age.
- Inflammatory Breast Cancer: This rare but aggressive form may present with warmth to the touch.
Prognosis (and Late Features of Cancer):
- Features of poor nutritional status(anorexia/weight loss, anaemia, angular stomatitis, glossitis and ankles oedema) might be present in patients with advanced breast cancer
- Advanced disease could lead to weight loss , loss of appetite.
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