Breast Cancer: Hormone Therapies and Resistance
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Questions and Answers

What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

  • Structures needed for division are made (correct)
  • DNA is copied
  • Chromosomes are aligned at the cell equator
  • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • Which phase immediately follows G2 in the cell cycle?

  • M phase (correct)
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • Prophase
  • Which component directly participates in inhibiting the G2/M transition?

  • Effectors (correct)
  • Transducers
  • Sensors
  • Mediators
  • Which of the following is crucial for the regulation of the cell cycle at checkpoints?

    <p>Cyclins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a phase of mitosis?

    <p>Monophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA damage checkpoints in human cells?

    <p>Detecting and signaling DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of breast cancers will become resistant to hormone therapies?

    <p>1 in 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of CDK4/6 inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer?

    <p>Blocks phosphorylation of Rb, leading to G1 arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is a CDK4/6 inhibitor?

    <p>Ribociclib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adding ribociclib to hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women with HR+ metastatic breast cancer?

    <p>Improves progression-free survival by 44%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did the sales of Palbociclib increase from 2017 to 2018?

    <p>51.7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary mechanisms causing resistance to hormone therapies in breast cancer?

    <p>Crosstalk between intracellular signalling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total sales amount of Palbociclib in 2018?

    <p>$4.118 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of estrogen receptor alpha when bound by estrogen?

    <p>Triggers gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?

    <p>S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which sub-phase of mitosis does the cell's nucleus divide?

    <p>Karyokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>Cell growth and synthesis of organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the S-phase DNA-damage checkpoint?

    <p>To double-check duplicated chromosomes for errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the cell cycle directly results in the formation of two daughter cells?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a phase of interphase?

    <p>M</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary activity in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>Cell growth and preparation for mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the cell 'double check' the duplicated chromosomes for errors?

    <p>S-phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Treatment Resistant Breast Cancer

    • 1 in 3 breast cancers become resistant to hormone therapies due to crosstalk between intracellular signalling pathways.
    • Combination therapy with CDK4/6 inhibitors, such as ribociclib and palbociclib, may offer a solution.

    CDK4/6 Inhibitors

    • CDK4/6 inhibitors block phosphorylation of Rb, leading to G1 arrest.
    • They decrease the appearance of resistance to hormonal chemotherapy.

    Estrogen Receptor Signalling

    • The main ER pathway involves estrogen binding to estrogen receptor a, triggering gene transcription.
    • The secondary ER pathway is also involved.

    Combination Therapy

    • Adding ribociclib to hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer improves progression-free survival (PFS) by 44%.
    • Palbociclib also improves PFS and overall response to therapy.

    Cell Cycle

    • The cell cycle is the series of events leading to cell division and duplication.
    • It involves DNA replication, growth, and preparation for cell division.

    Phases of the Cell Cycle

    • Interphase: G1, S, G2 phases, where the cell grows and prepares for cell division.
    • Mitosis (M-phase): Karyokinesis (nuclear division) and Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division).

    Sub-phases of the Cell Cycle

    • G1: primary growth phase, cell grows and synthesizes proteins and organelles.
    • S: synthesis phase, DNA is replicated.
    • G2: secondary growth phase, cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis.
    • M: mitosis, replicated chromosomes are separated and distributed to daughter cells.
    • C: cytokinesis, cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells.

    DNA Replication

    • DNA is replicated in S-phase, and errors are checked and repaired.
    • Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell.

    G1 and G2 Phases

    • G1: integrity of DNA is checked, damage is repaired, and checkpoint R ensures proper progression.
    • G2: structures needed for division are made, and the G2-phase checkpoint ensures correct chromosome complement and checks for DNA damage.

    Mitosis Phase

    • Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis occur in sequence.

    Control of Cell Cycle Progression

    • The cell cycle is regulated by checkpoints controlled by a family of proteins, including cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks).

    Cell Cycle Regulation

    • Cyclins and Cdks regulate the cell cycle.
    • Checkpoints, including DNA damage and replication stress, control cell cycle progression.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the mechanisms of treatment resistant breast cancer, including crosstalk between intracellular signalling pathways and the role of CDK4/6 inhibitors in overcoming resistance to hormone therapies. Topics include Ribociclib, Palbociclib, and estrogen receptor signalling.

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