Branches of Science

Study Notes

Natural Sciences:
- Biology: Study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment.
- Chemistry: Study of the composition, properties, and reactions of matter.
- Physics: Study of the natural world around us, including energy, matter, and the fundamental laws that govern the universe.
Formal Sciences:
- Mathematics: Study of numbers, quantities, and shapes, and the relationships between them.
- Logic: Study of reasoning and argumentation.
Applied Sciences:
- Engineering: Application of scientific and mathematical principles to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, and systems.
- Medicine: Application of scientific knowledge to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases.
- Agriculture: Application of scientific principles to improve crop yields, animal husbandry, and environmental sustainability.

Observation: Making observations about the world around us.
Question: Asking a question about what we have observed.
Hypothesis: Formulating a hypothesis to explain what we have observed.
Prediction: Making predictions based on our hypothesis.
Experimentation: Designing and conducting experiments to test our hypothesis.
Analysis: Analyzing the data collected during experimentation.
Conclusion: Drawing conclusions based on our analysis, and revising our hypothesis if necessary.

Empiricism: The idea that knowledge comes from sense experience and observation.
Objectivity: The goal of science to be objective, unbiased, and based on evidence.
Replication: The importance of replicating experiments to ensure the accuracy and reliability of results.
Theory: A well-substantiated explanation for a set of phenomena, which can be used to make predictions and explain observations.

Laboratory equipment: Microscopes, spectrophotometers, chromatographs, etc.
Fieldwork: Observations, measurements, and data collection in natural environments.
Statistical analysis: Using statistical methods to analyze and interpret data.
Computational modeling: Using computers to simulate and model complex systems and phenomena.

Natural Sciences comprise Biology, the study of living organisms and their interactions, Chemistry, the study of matter composition and reactions, and Physics, the study of the natural world and its fundamental laws.
Formal Sciences include Mathematics, the study of numbers and shapes, and Logic, the study of reasoning and argumentation.
Applied Sciences encompass Engineering, the application of scientific principles to design and build structures, Medicine, the application of scientific knowledge to prevent and treat diseases, and Agriculture, the application of scientific principles to improve crop yields and environmental sustainability.

The scientific process begins with Observation, making notes about the world around us.
This leads to Question, asking questions about what we have observed.
A Hypothesis is then formulated to explain what we have observed.
Predictions are made based on our hypothesis.
Experimentation involves designing and conducting experiments to test our hypothesis.
Analysis of collected data is crucial in the scientific process.
Finally, Conclusions are drawn based on our analysis, and our hypothesis is revised if necessary.

Empiricism states that knowledge comes from sense experience and observation.
Objectivity aims to eliminate bias and focus on evidence-based results.
Replication is essential to ensure the accuracy and reliability of results.
A Theory is a well-substantiated explanation for a set of phenomena, enabling predictions and explanations.

Laboratory equipment, such as microscopes and spectrophotometers, aid in scientific investigation.
Fieldwork involves collecting data through observations and measurements in natural environments.
Statistical analysis helps interpret and analyze collected data.
Computational modeling simulates complex systems and phenomena using computers.

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