Branches of Science

Study Notes

Natural Sciences:
- Biology: study of living organisms and their interactions
- Chemistry: study of the composition, properties, and reactions of matter
- Physics: study of the natural world around us, including energy, matter, and the fundamental laws of the universe
Formal Sciences:
- Mathematics: study of numbers, quantities, and shapes
- Logic: study of reasoning and argumentation
- Computer Science: study of the theory and practice of computer systems and algorithms
Applied Sciences:
- Engineering: application of scientific knowledge to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, and systems
- Medicine: application of scientific knowledge to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases
- Technology: application of scientific knowledge to develop new products, processes, and services

Observation: making observations about the world around us
Hypothesis: forming a tentative explanation for what we have observed
Prediction: making predictions based on our hypothesis
Experimentation: designing and conducting experiments to test our hypothesis
Analysis: analyzing the data collected from our experiments
Conclusion: drawing conclusions based on our analysis and refining our hypothesis
Communication: sharing our findings with others and contributing to the scientific community

Empiricism: science is based on observation and experimentation
Objectivity: science strives to be objective and unbiased
Testability: scientific theories and hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable
Parsimony: scientific theories should be as simple as possible, but no simpler
Repeatability: scientific experiments should be repeatable and reproducible

Natural Sciences: Explore the physical world and living organisms.
- Biology: Investigates life forms and their ecosystems.
- Chemistry: Focuses on matter's properties and interactions.
- Physics: Examines the principles governing energy and matter.
Formal Sciences: Concerned with abstract concepts and logical systems.
- Mathematics: Deals with numbers, shapes, and patterns.
- Logic: Involves principles of valid reasoning and argument construction.
- Computer Science: Encompasses algorithms and computational theory.
Applied Sciences: Implement scientific principles to solve practical problems.
- Engineering: Merges science and mathematics to create structures and systems.
- Medicine: Utilizes scientific research for health maintenance and disease treatment.
- Technology: Focuses on innovation in products, methods, and services based on scientific knowledge.

Observation: Initial step of noticing phenomena in the environment.
Hypothesis: Development of a proposed explanation for observed phenomena.
Prediction: Stating expected outcomes derived from the hypothesis.
Experimentation: Creation and execution of tests to validate the hypothesis.
Analysis: Examination of data collected during the experiments.
Conclusion: Summarization of findings; refinement of hypotheses as necessary.
Communication: Sharing results with the scientific community to foster collaboration and further inquiry.

Empiricism: Emphasis on knowledge derived from sensory experience and experimentation.
Objectivity: Pursuit of unbiased results through rigorous methods.
Testability: The necessity for scientific claims to be verifiable or refutable.
Parsimony: Preference for the simplest explanations that adequately cover observed phenomena.
Repeatability: Ensures that results can be replicated under similar conditions for validation.