Branches of Chemistry

Branches of Chemistry

• Inorganic Chemistry: Study of inorganic compounds, which are typically derived from mineral sources.
• Organic Chemistry: Study of organic compounds, which are typically derived from living organisms.
• Physical Chemistry: Study of the physical principles underlying chemical reactions and processes.
• Analytical Chemistry: Study of the analysis and identification of the chemical composition of substances.
• Biochemistry: Study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.

Atomic Structure

• Atoms: The building blocks of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Protons: Positively charged particles that reside in the nucleus.
• Neutrons: Particles with no charge that reside in the nucleus.
• Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.
• Valence Electrons: Electrons in the outermost energy level, involved in chemical bonding.

Chemical Bonding

• Chemical Bonds: Attractive forces that hold atoms together.
• Covalent Bonds: Bonds formed by sharing electrons between atoms.
• Ionic Bonds: Bonds formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
• Hydrogen Bonds: Weak bonds between atoms with a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom.

Chemical Reactions

• Chemical Equations: Representations of chemical reactions using chemical formulas and symbols.
• Reactants: Substances that undergo a chemical change.
• Products: Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
• Catalysts: Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Stoichiometry

• Moles: Units of measurement for the amount of a substance.
• Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance.
• Empirical Formula: The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
• Molecular Formula: The actual number of atoms in a molecule.

Laboratory Techniques

• Titration: A method of determining the concentration of a solution.
• Chromatography: A method of separating and identifying mixtures.
• Crystallization: A method of purifying substances by forming crystals.
• Spectroscopy: A method of analyzing the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.

Branches of Chemistry

• Inorganic chemistry studies inorganic compounds, typically derived from mineral sources.
• Organic chemistry studies organic compounds, typically derived from living organisms.
• Physical chemistry studies the physical principles underlying chemical reactions and processes.
• Analytical chemistry studies the analysis and identification of the chemical composition of substances.
• Biochemistry studies the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.

Atomic Structure

• Atoms are the building blocks of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Protons are positively charged particles that reside in the nucleus.
• Neutrons are particles with no charge that reside in the nucleus.
• Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.
• Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost energy level, involved in chemical bonding.

Chemical Bonding

• Chemical bonds are attractive forces that hold atoms together.
• Covalent bonds are formed by sharing electrons between atoms.
• Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
• Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds between atoms with a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom.

Chemical Reactions

• Chemical equations represent chemical reactions using chemical formulas and symbols.
• Reactants are substances that undergo a chemical change.
• Products are substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
• Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Stoichiometry

• Moles are units of measurement for the amount of a substance.
• Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance.
• Empirical formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
• Molecular formula is the actual number of atoms in a molecule.

Laboratory Techniques

• Titration is a method of determining the concentration of a solution.
• Chromatography is a method of separating and identifying mixtures.
• Crystallization is a method of purifying substances by forming crystals.
• Spectroscopy is a method of analyzing the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.