Branches of Chemistry

Organic Chemistry: study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties
Inorganic Chemistry: study of non-carbon-containing compounds and their properties
Physical Chemistry: study of the physical properties and behavior of matter at the molecular and atomic level
Analytical Chemistry: study of the analysis and identification of the chemical composition of substances
Biochemistry: study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms

Atoms: smallest units of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons: positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom
Neutrons: particles with no charge in the nucleus of an atom
Electrons: negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom
Valence Electrons: electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom, involved in chemical bonding

Chemical Bonds: attractive forces between atoms that hold them together
Covalent Bonds: bonds formed by sharing electrons between atoms
Ionic Bonds: bonds formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms
Polar Covalent Bonds: bonds formed by unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

Chemical Equations: representations of chemical reactions using chemical formulas and symbols
Reactants: substances that participate in a chemical reaction
Products: substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction
Conservation of Mass: principle that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, only converted from one substance to another

Acids: substances that donate H+ ions (protons)
Bases: substances that accept H+ ions (protons)
pH Scale: scale used to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0-14
Neutralization Reactions: reactions between acids and bases to form salt and water

Organic Chemistry focuses on carbon-containing compounds and their properties, such as synthesizing new materials and understanding biological systems.
Inorganic Chemistry deals with non-carbon-containing compounds, like minerals and metals, and their properties, including their roles in industrial processes.
Physical Chemistry explores the physical properties and behavior of matter at the molecular and atomic level, covering topics like thermodynamics and quantum mechanics.
Analytical Chemistry involves the analysis and identification of the chemical composition of substances, using techniques like chromatography and spectroscopy.
Biochemistry delves into the chemical processes that occur within living organisms, such as metabolism and DNA replication.

Atoms are the building blocks of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with each element having a unique atomic number and atomic mass.
Protons reside in the nucleus, carrying a positive charge, and determine the identity of an element.
Neutrons, also found in the nucleus, have no charge and contribute to the atomic mass.
Electrons occupy energy levels around the nucleus, and their arrangement defines an element's chemical properties.
Valence electrons, in the outermost energy level, participate in chemical bonding, forming molecules and compounds.

Chemical bonds form when atoms share or exchange electrons to achieve stability, resulting in molecules and compounds.
Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons between atoms, often forming molecules with distinct shapes and properties.
Ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons, creating ions with opposite charges that attract each other.
Polar covalent bonds form when electrons are shared unequally, resulting in molecules with partial positive and negative charges.

Chemical equations represent reactions using formulas and symbols, allowing for the calculation of reactant and product quantities.
Reactants are the initial substances that participate in a chemical reaction, while products are the resulting substances.
The law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, only converted from one substance to another.

Acids donate H+ ions (protons), increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, while bases accept H+ ions, reducing the concentration.
The pH scale measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly basic), with a pH of 7 being neutral.
Neutralization reactions occur when acids and bases react to form salt and water, releasing or absorbing heat energy.