Branches of Biology

• The human anatomy history is important to intelligent anatomists.
• Human anatomy history can be classified into ancient, medical to early modern, and modern anatomy.

Ancient Anatomy

• Early Arabian idea: healing vital parts leads to animal death; applied in intertribal war "Art of killing not the science of healing."
• Around 2700-2600 BC, the earliest book on human anatomy, "Neiching", appeared in China.
• Egyptians perfected mummification, dissecting bodies, removing organs, filling with sawdust, and wrapping in linen, marking early dissection records.
• Around 1000 BC, Sushruta, the father of Indian surgery, practiced surgery, including intestinal obstruction, and emphasized aseptic precautions.
• Hippocrates (460-377 BC) was the father of medicine and founder of anatomy.
• Hippocrates gave guidelines for dissection using a scalpel on battlefield corpses.
• Aristotle (384-322 BC) coined "anatomy", wrote on embryology, analyzed veins/arteries labeling them and considered the heart the center of intelligence and emotions.
• Herophilus (300-325 BC), known as the father of human anatomy, dissected criminals (vivisection) with permission to define the brain/spinal cord and stated that the brain is the seat of intelligence.

Medieval to Early Modern Anatomy

• Galen of Pergamum was a prominent anatomist and "Prince of Physicians."
• Galen correlated animal/monkey anatomy with humans and highlighted the importance of the spinal cord/nervous system in the Galenic age.
• In the 15th century, Pope Boniface prohibited dissection.
• Leonardo da Vinci became the originator of cross-sectional anatomy, creating detailed drawings found 160 years post-death, including 500 diagrams in 60 notebooks.
• In the 16th century, Andreas Vesalius became the founder of modern anatomy and stressed anatomy through the study of dissection.
• Vesalius wrote "De humani corporis fabrica" with human anatomy details.
• William Harvey described blood circulation in the 17th century but couldn't explain the need for blood as oxygen wasn't discovered.
• Major steps in anatomy learning occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries.
• Dissection became mandatory for medical students; the Warburton Anatomy Act in England allowed unclaimed bodies for dissection.
• Formalin and endoscopy techniques emerged with prominent anatomists like George Cuvier, Johann Friedrich Meckel, and Henry Gray.

Modern Anatomy

• Advancements in radiological techniques in the 20th century helped connect anatomy and physiology.
• Technology like PET, CAT scans, and MRI provide glimpses inside the body without surgery/dissection.

Biology Basics

• Biology studies living organisms and their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution.
• Zoology studies animal life with sub-disciplines like aquariology and arachnology.
• Botany studies plants, including classification, description, identification, and knowledge of reproduction, morphology, and physiology
• Anatomy studies bodily structure through dissection.
• Physiology studies the functions of living beings, including respiratory, reproductive, and nervous systems.
• Morphology studies size, shape, and structure while genetics studies biological heritage, examining genes formed by DNA and RNA.
• Biogeography studies the geographic distribution of plants and animals while taxonomy names, describes, and classifies organisms.
• Ecology studies the relationship between living beings and natural habitats while pathology studies disease, its cause, origin, nature, and control.
• The study of cellular biology or cytology explains the structure and function of cells.
• Histology studies the microscopic structures of tissues.
• Embryology studies gamete development, fertilization, and embryos/fetuses, also congenital disorders.
• Entomology studies insects; microbiology studies microorganisms; mycology studies fungi; bacteriology studies bacteria; forestry studies forests.
• Pomology studies fruits; molecular biology studies biological processes at a molecular level through chemistry; developmental biology studies organism development from birth to death.
• Marine biology studies marine creatures.

Characteristics of Living Organisms

• Living organisms are composed of cells, which may be single or multicellular.
• Living organisms have molecular and cellular levels of organization.
• Simple substances are organized into complex ones at different levels, from tissues to organs, organ systems, and the complete organism.
• Living things take in and use energy for maintenance and growth.
• Living things respond to stimuli with behaviors.
• Living things grow via cell division, increasing in size and number.
• Reproduction is the process of producing new offspring, either asexually or sexually.
• Living things adapt to their environment using traits that provide an advantage.

Anatomy & Physiology Terms

• Anatomy is the study of the body's structure and relationships and is a descriptive approach.
• Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts function.
• Studying the anatomy of a structure is often paired with an explanation of its function, emphasizing the significance of structural components.
• Bones provide support/protection via their structure, and the heart pumps blood in one direction due to valves.
• Lungs function (i.e. Physiology) as a site for gas exchange because the structure (i.e. Anatomy) of the walls of their air sacs is extremely thin.

Fields of Study in Anatomy

• Gross Anatomy can be studied without a microscope (observable with the naked eye) using dissection.
• Systemic Anatomy is the study organized by the systems of the body.
• Regional Anatomy studies a particular region, emphasizing systemic structure relationships as topographic anatomy.
• Studying the configuration of the surface of the body relating to deeper parts is known as Surface Anatomy.
• Microscopic Anatomy studies structures too small to be observed by the naked eye.
• Histology studies cells, tissues and organs in relation to function.
• Cytology reviews the chemistry, pathology, physiology and structure of the cell.
• Cellular Biology is synonymous Cytology.
• Development Anatomy studies the structural changes from conception to old age including the study of embryology, fetology, and postnatal development.
• Pathological anatomy reviews structural changes caused by diseased tissues via microscopic analysis.
• Radiographic Anatomy views internal structures using x-rays,
• Renal Physiology examines urine, neurophysiology examines functioning of nervous system and cardiac physiology studies operation of heart.

Characteristics of Life

• Key traits of life include keeping a distinction between internal/external environments.
• Movement and responsiveness are the ability to respond to stimuli.
• Growth represents an increase in cell size or number and conductivity represent the movement of energy.
• Respiration involves the use and exchange of respiratory gases.
• Digestion breaks down food and absorption transports nutrients while secretion produces substances.
• Excretion removes waste and circulation moves fluids and nutrients.
• Reproduction forms the new bodies of cells and organisms.
• Metabolism effect transformation of the organism with chemical reactions.

Framework of Understanding Biology

• Cell theory says all living things are of cells.
• Energy is required by all living things and follows through organisms.
• Heredity: all living thins have genetic information that carries structure for all cells.
• All objects try to maintain balances and be balanced with their environment.
• Evolution is the changing driving engine over time.

Chemical Level of Orgainzation

• Includes elements like oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen and trace elements.
• Each element is given a chemical symbol, one or two letters.
• A chemical bond draws atoms together which results in valence electrons.
• Ingredients are broken into products and react in chemical reactions.
• Organic ingredients are broken down by light and some include carbons such as Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, sugars, enzymes
• Water, salts, carbon dioxides are the non organic ingredients.
• There is 19 million carbons and organic compounds that mix when bonding.

Cellular Level of Organization

• All cells have specialized subcellular structures that are adapted to keep the cell alive.
• Some of these structures release protein, transport substances and cellular activity.
• There Plant and animal cells both contain many of the organelles.
• The Nucleolus, nuclear membrane, chromosome are all parts off of individual cells throughout a body structure.
• Cells create mitosis/making new cells.

Cell Structures

• Cell structure contains individual components with certain functions for life's processes.
• This includes the cell wall, membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus/organelles.
• Membranes supports, controls movement and separates external environments.
• The interior of the cells is built with organelles which holds genetic information, cell growth processes.

Cell Division

• There are three main scientists, Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow. cell theory states for All species of earth are composed of individual cells.
• Growth of cells is required for building and repair to new cell development.

Plasma Membranes

• Plasma Membranes are a network of fat and proteins that separate cells and protect by blocking.
• A physical block: cells of the plasma membrance that separate external fluid and take material making up cells away.
• Selectivity: Selective membranes allow certain molecules to pass through. water, ions, carbons will reach the plasma or specific ions.
• Signaling is for communication in carbohydrates and protein so cells can identify.
• Plasma is partially build up into fatty acids, phospholipids water and hydrophobic for shape.
• Transport moves by molecules through the plasma membrane to provide cell instructions.