Branches of Biology

Branches of Biology

• Botany: study of plants
• Zoology: study of animals
• Microbiology: study of microorganisms
• Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environment
• Biochemistry: study of chemical processes in living organisms
• Molecular Biology: study of structure, function, and interactions of biomolecules
• Cellular Biology: study of structure, function, and processes of cells
• Genetics: study of heredity, genes, and variation
• Evolutionary Biology: study of evolution, speciation, and phylogenetics
• Biophysics: study of physical principles underlying biological processes

Cell Biology

• Cell Structure:
  • Plasma membrane: outermost layer of cell
  • Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside cell
  • Nucleus: control center of cell
  • Mitochondria: energy-producing structures
  • Endoplasmic reticulum: network of membranous tubules and cisternae
• Cell Processes:
  • Photosynthesis: process by which plants produce energy
  • Cellular respiration: process by which cells generate energy
  • Protein synthesis: process by which cells create proteins
  • Cell division: process by which cells reproduce

Genetics

• Mendelian Inheritance:
  • Laws of Inheritance: segregation, independent assortment, and dominance
  • Punnett squares: graphical representation of genetic crosses
• DNA Structure:
  • Double helix model: twisted ladder-like structure
  • Nucleotides: building blocks of DNA
  • Genome: complete set of genetic information in an organism
• Gene Expression:
  • Transcription: process by which DNA is copied into RNA
  • Translation: process by which RNA is used to create proteins

Evolution

• Mechanisms of Evolution:
  • Natural selection: process by which populations adapt to environment
  • Genetic drift: random change in gene frequency
  • Mutation: change in DNA sequence
  • Gene flow: movement of genes between populations
• Evidence for Evolution:
  • Fossil record: chronological record of ancient life forms
  • Comparative anatomy: study of similarities and differences in body structure
  • Molecular biology: study of similarities and differences in DNA and proteins

Branches of Biology

• Botany is the study of plants
• Zoology is the study of animals
• Microbiology is the study of microorganisms
• Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment
• Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms
• Molecular Biology is the study of structure, function, and interactions of biomolecules
• Cellular Biology is the study of structure, function, and processes of cells
• Genetics is the study of heredity, genes, and variation
• Evolutionary Biology is the study of evolution, speciation, and phylogenetics
• Biophysics is the study of physical principles underlying biological processes

Cell Biology

Cell Structure

• The plasma membrane is the outermost layer of the cell
• Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance inside the cell
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell
• Mitochondria are energy-producing structures
• The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae

Cell Processes

• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce energy
• Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy
• Protein synthesis is the process by which cells create proteins
• Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce

Genetics

Mendelian Inheritance

• The laws of inheritance include segregation, independent assortment, and dominance
• Punnett squares are a graphical representation of genetic crosses

DNA Structure

• The double helix model is a twisted ladder-like structure
• Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA
• The genome is the complete set of genetic information in an organism

Gene Expression

• Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA
• Translation is the process by which RNA is used to create proteins

Evolution

Mechanisms of Evolution

• Natural selection is the process by which populations adapt to their environment
• Genetic drift is a random change in gene frequency
• Mutation is a change in DNA sequence
• Gene flow is the movement of genes between populations

Evidence for Evolution

• The fossil record is a chronological record of ancient life forms
• Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in body structure
• Molecular biology is the study of similarities and differences in DNA and proteins

This quiz covers the different branches of biology, including botany, zoology, microbiology, ecology, biochemistry, molecular biology, cellular biology, genetics, and evolutionary biology.