42 Questions
What is a consequence of a lack of leptin production or insensitivity to leptin?
Obesity
What is the effect of leptin on mitochondria?
It induces the expression of uncoupling proteins
What is the role of insulin in appetite regulation?
It suppresses appetite
What is amylin secreted with?
Insulin
What is pramlintide?
An analogue of amylin
What do neurons in the arcuate nucleus sense?
Both glucose and fatty acid levels in the blood
What is the role of leptin in appetite regulation?
It suppresses appetite
What is associated with obesity and often leads to type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance
What is the role of POMC in the brain?
Suppresses appetite
What is the function of the reward system in the brain?
Involved in the control of feeding
What happens to ghrelin release when the stomach is full?
Ghrelin release decreases
What is the function of PYY?
Suppresses appetite
What is the function of leptin?
Suppresses appetite
What is the source of leptin in the body?
Adipocytes in fat stores
What is the relationship between leptin levels and adipose tissue?
Leptin levels increase with increased adipose tissue
What is the effect of leptin on neurons in the arcuate nucleus?
Leptin inhibits stimulatory neurons
According to the World Health Organization's estimate, how many people are overweight?
Over 1 billion
What percentage of obese adults experience morbidity arising from their obesity?
80%
What is thought to be a partial cause of obesity?
All of the above
What is the estimated genetic component of obesity?
60-84%
What concept suggests that individuals are genetically predisposed to store energy efficiently?
Thrifty phenotype
What is metabolic syndrome characterized by?
A group of symptoms including insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance and hypertension associated with central adiposity
What is thought to contribute to the rise of chronic obesity in the developed world?
Constant supply of food
What is the primary reason for the development of metabolic syndrome?
Observation of a common pattern of symptoms in obese people
Where is the appetite centre located in the brain?
Arcuate nucleus
What is the role of excitatory neurons in the appetite centre?
Stimulate appetite
What is the function of primary neurons in the appetite centre?
Sense metabolite levels and respond to hormones
What is the role of inhibitory neurons in the appetite centre?
Suppress appetite
What is the result of the release of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)?
Appetite stimulation
What is the function of the vagus nerve in the appetite centre?
Co-ordinate a response
What is pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)?
A polypeptide prohormone
What is the result of the release of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)?
Appetite suppression
What is the risk of type 2 diabetes increased by in individuals with metabolic syndrome?
5-fold
What is the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increasing due to?
Increasing obesity
Where is fat storage associated with metabolic syndrome?
Around the abdomen
What is the impact of metabolic syndrome on the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes?
Marked impact
Which ethnic group has a higher predisposition to central obesity?
South Asians
What is central fat accumulation strongly associated with?
Insulin resistance
Why is BMI not an ideal measurement of central fat?
It does not account for muscle mass
What is the relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes in children?
Obesity is an important cause of type 2 diabetes in children
What is the risk of heart disease increased by in individuals with metabolic syndrome?
3-fold
What is a characteristic of metabolic syndrome?
High blood glucose
Learn about the regions of the brainstem involved in controlling appetite, the reward system, and the role of POMC and β-endorphin in regulating feeding behavior. Understand how the brain responds to a full stomach and the feelings of euphoria and tiredness that follow.
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