405 Questions
Which reproductive mode involves giving birth to live young?
Vivipary
Which species are known for producing relatively mature and independent offspring?
Precocial species
What is the key evolutionary advancement mentioned in the text that provides a self-contained aquatic environment for developing embryos?
Amniotic Egg
Which parental care activity is NOT mentioned in the text?
Milking
Which of the following vertebrates exhibit an altricial developmental strategy?
Many mammals
What is the primary hormone driving female puberty?
Oestrogen
Which hormone is responsible for the initiation of sperm cell production in males?
Testosterone
In females, which hormone regulates the stages of oogenesis?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What is the main function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
Contains enzymes critical for fertilization
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium break down and shed?
Menstruation
What is a key advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?
It requires specific environmental conditions like water.
Which type of fertilization occurs inside the female's body in vertebrates?
Internal fertilization
What is a characteristic of internal fertilization in vertebrates?
Increases the likelihood of sperm meeting egg
Which type of fertilization is common among fish and amphibians?
External fertilization
What is a limitation of external fertilization in vertebrates?
Needs specific environmental conditions like water
Which male reproductive structure produces an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic environment of the vagina?
Prostate Gland
What is the primary function of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in males?
Produce a mucus-like fluid for lubrication
Where do sperm cells mature and get stored after production in the male reproductive system?
Epididymis
What is the function of the Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?
Site of fertilization
Which male hormone stimulates the maturation of sperm cells and the development of secondary sexual characteristics?
Testosterone
During implantation, the embryo embeds itself into which part of the female reproductive system?
Endometrium
What is the role of the umbilical cord in the development of the fetus?
Transport deoxygenated blood from the placenta to the embryo
Which system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion?
Autonomic nervous system
What are effectors in the context of the nervous system?
Glands or organs that respond to stimuli
What are neurons in the nervous system primarily responsible for?
Transmitting impulses
What hormone is responsible for the thickening of the endometrium in the uterus?
Oestrogen
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
Follicular Phase
What hormone is responsible for preventing menstruation and supporting pregnancy?
Progesterone
What is the term used for the process where the zygote embeds itself into the endometrium of the uterus?
Implantation
Which hormone is secreted by the placenta and contributes to maintaining the pregnancy?
Progesterone
What is the primary function of the cerebrum?
Interpreting sensations from sense organs and higher thought processes
Which part of the brain is critical for maintaining balance and muscle tension?
Cerebellum
What is the function of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?
Acting as the main pathway for information between the brain and peripheral nervous system
Which type of neuron transmits impulses from the brain to effectors like muscles and glands?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Involuntary muscles like the heartbeat are controlled by which part of the nervous system?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Controls involuntary actions to maintain internal balance
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' response?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Link sensory neurons to motor neurons and process information
Which hormone is associated with the 'fight or flight' response?
Adrenaline
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
Receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body
Where do sperm cells mature and get stored after production in the male reproductive system?
Epididymis
What is the primary function of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in males?
Neutralizing acidic urine in the urethra
What is the function of the Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?
Transport egg cells from ovary to uterus
Which hormone is responsible for the thickening of the endometrium in the uterus?
Progesterone
What male puberty phase is primarily stimulated by which hormone?
Testosterone
Which reproductive mode involves retaining eggs within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch?
Vivipary
What is the primary function of the amniotic egg in vertebrates?
Provide a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo
Which type of developmental mode results in offspring that are born blind, naked, and helpless?
Altricial
What is a key advantage of ovipary as a reproductive mode in animals?
Allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously
Which part of the male reproductive system is responsible for producing sperm cells and testosterone?
Testes
What is the role of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?
Produces progesterone
During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the Graafian follicle burst?
Day 14
Which hormone is primarily responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus?
Oestrogen
Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?
Fallopian tubes
What happens if fertilization does not occur in the menstrual cycle?
Endometrium breaks down leading to menstruation
What hormone is primarily responsible for driving male gamete (sperm cell) production?
Testosterone
Which gametes may carry either an X or a Y chromosome, contributing to the sex determination of the offspring?
Sperm cells
What is the main structure in a sperm cell that primarily consists of the nucleus and the acrosome?
Middle portion
What is the primary hormone that regulates oogenesis in females?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
During what phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium break down and shed?
Menstruation
What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates?
Increased chance of successful fertilization
Which environmental condition is necessary for external fertilization to occur in vertebrates?
Watery environment
What is the primary advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?
Higher chance of successful fertilization
Which group of vertebrates commonly exhibits internal fertilization?
Fish and amphibians
What is a significant limitation of internal fertilization in vertebrates?
Produces fewer offspring
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for?
Maintaining balance and muscle tension
Which part of the brain controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat and breathing?
Medulla Oblongata
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for conscious movements and sensory information processing from the external environment?
Somatic Nervous System
What is the function of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?
Detect stimuli and transmit impulses to the brain
How do interneurons contribute to neural function?
Connect sensory and motor neurons for sensory input interpretation
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Responding to external stimuli to maintain homeostasis
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for restoring the body to a normal state after an emergency?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
What is the role of adrenaline in the 'fight or flight' response?
Prepares the body for emergency situations
Which part of a neuron speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses?
Myelin Sheath
What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
Receive signals from other neurons and transmit these impulses towards the cell body
What is the role of the placenta in the development of the fetus?
Facilitating gas and nutrient exchange between mother and fetus
Which structure connects the embryo to the placenta during development?
Umbilical cord
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Regulating involuntary bodily functions like heart rate
Which part of the brain is responsible for maintaining balance and muscle tension?
Cerebellum
What is the function of dendrites in a neuron?
Receiving incoming signals from other neurons
In vertebrates, which reproductive strategy involves the release of eggs and sperm into the water for fertilization to occur externally?
External Fertilization
What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates compared to external fertilization?
Higher likelihood of successful fertilization
Why does external fertilization in vertebrates require specific environmental conditions like water?
To protect the eggs from desiccation
Which of the following statements is true regarding internal fertilization in vertebrates?
Allows reproduction without a watery environment
What is a significant advantage of external fertilization for vertebrates in aquatic environments?
Ensures higher survival rates of offspring
Where do sperm cells mature and get stored after production in the male reproductive system?
Epididymis
What is the primary function of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in males?
Neutralization of acidic urine in the urethra
Which organ in the female reproductive system serves as the birth canal?
Vagina
Which hormone primarily drives spermatogenesis in males?
Testosterone
Where do the Fallopian Tubes transport egg cells in the female reproductive system?
Ovaries to Uterus
What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
Penetrating the egg's outer layers
What is the primary hormone that drives male puberty?
Testosterone
What is the main function of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in males?
Produce alkaline fluid
Which hormone regulates the stages of oogenesis in females?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
During the menstrual cycle, what occurs as the uterus lining breaks down and sheds?
Menstruation
Which reproductive mode is common in mammals where the embryo develops inside the mother, receiving nutrition and protection until birth?
Vivipary
What is a key advantage of precocial species' development strategy?
Reduced metabolic costs
What is the primary benefit of the amniotic egg for terrestrial vertebrates?
Dehydration prevention
Which evolutionary advancement allows reptiles, birds, and certain mammals to reproduce away from water bodies?
Amniotic Egg
What is a distinguishing feature of altricial species' offspring at birth?
Helpless state
What triggers ovulation in the menstrual cycle?
Rupture of the Graafian follicle
Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in preparation for pregnancy?
Progesterone
What is the fate of the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
It shrinks and stops progesterone production
What is the correct sequence of events post-fertilization in the development of a zygote?
Morula formation, blastocyst development, followed by implantation
Which hormone prevents menstruation and supports pregnancy post-ovulation?
Progesterone
What is the term for the time period from fertilization to birth?
Gestation period
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary bodily functions?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What is the function of the umbilical cord in the development of the fetus?
Transmits oxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
What is the name of the structure that connects the embryo to the placenta during development?
Chorion
Which type of cell division occurs after fertilization, leading to the formation of an embryo?
Mitosis
Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling involuntary actions like the heartbeat and breathing?
Medulla Oblongata
What is the primary function of the Hypothalamus in the brain?
Maintaining body's homeostasis
Which type of neurons transmit impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?
Sensory Neurons
What is the primary role of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?
Facilitating communication between brain hemispheres
Which part of the central nervous system coordinates all voluntary movements and helps maintain balance and muscle tension?
Cerebellum
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the body?
Controlling the 'fight or flight' response
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system responds to emergency situations by increasing heart rate and blood pressure?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the role of motor neurons in the nervous system?
Respond to stimuli by transmitting impulses to effectors
Which part of a neuron is responsible for speeding up the transmission of electrical impulses?
Myelin Sheath
Where do interneurons primarily function within the nervous system?
Processing information and determining responses
Which reproductive strategy involves fertilization occurring outside the female's body?
External fertilization
What advantage does internal fertilization provide over external fertilization?
Increased chance of successful fertilization
Which type of animals commonly exhibit external fertilization?
Fish and amphibians
Why does external fertilization require specific environmental conditions like water?
To prevent egg dehydration
Which strategy is more likely to produce a larger number of offspring?
External fertilization
What is the function of the Epididymis in the male reproductive system?
Maturation and storage of sperm cells
Which gland produces a nutrient-rich fluid crucial for sperm mobility in the male reproductive system?
Seminal Vesicles
Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?
Fallopian Tubes
What is the primary role of the Urethra in the male reproductive system?
Expelling semen and urine out of the body
Which hormone primarily stimulates male puberty?
Testosterone
Which hormone primarily drives female puberty?
Oestrogen
What is the primary function of the middle portion (neck) of a sperm cell?
Providing energy for motility
During oogenesis in females, what happens to the three cells that degenerate after meiosis?
They degenerate and do not survive
What is the role of testosterone in spermatogenesis?
Driving male gamete production
What initiates the enlargement of one cell within a follicle during oogenesis?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What is the advantage of ovipary as a reproductive mode in animals?
It allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously.
What is the primary evolutionary advantage of vivipary in vertebrates?
Enhancing the survival rate of offspring through controlled development.
What is the key function of the amniotic egg in terrestrial vertebrates?
Sustaining the embryo with oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
Which developmental strategy results in offspring born with their eyes open and capable of independent movement shortly after birth?
Precocial
How does parental care contribute to the reproductive success of vertebrates?
By directly influencing the survival rates of the young.
What is the term for the time period from fertilization to birth?
Gestation
Which structure develops finger-like structures known as villi?
Chorion
What fluid-filled sac encases the embryo during development?
Amnion
Which system in the human body is responsible for involuntary bodily functions?
Autonomic nervous system
What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system?
Extending outside the central nervous system
What is the role of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?
Produces progesterone to thicken the endometrium
Which hormone triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum?
LH
What is the final outcome if fertilization does not occur during the menstrual cycle?
Shedding of the endometrial lining
Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus?
Oestrogen
Where does implantation of the blastocyst occur during pregnancy?
Uterus
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating all voluntary movements and maintaining balance?
Cerebellum
What is the main function of the Medulla Oblongata in the brain?
Transmit nerve impulses between the spinal cord and brain
Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the primary function of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?
Detect stimuli and transmit impulses to the brain
What is the key role of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?
Facilitate communication between brain hemispheres
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' response?
Sympathetic Nervous System
Where does the connection between neurons occur?
Synapse
What is the primary function of the Myelin Sheath?
To speed up transmission of electrical impulses
What type of neurons respond to stimuli by transmitting impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Adrenaline plays a crucial role in preparing the body for which type of situations?
'Fight or Flight' situations
What hormone primarily drives female puberty?
Oestrogen
Which process involves the production of male gametes in the male reproductive organs?
Spermatogenesis
What is the male sex cell composed of?
Head, middle portion, and tail
In females, what is the counterpart to spermatogenesis?
Oogenesis
What initiates the enlargement of one cell within a follicle in females?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates compared to external fertilization?
Increased offspring survival rates
Which evolutionary advancement allows reptiles, birds, and certain mammals to reproduce away from water bodies?
Amniotic egg development
In vertebrates, which environmental condition is necessary for external fertilization to occur?
Presence of water
What is the primary role of the Corpus Luteum in the menstrual cycle of females?
Supporting pregnancy post-ovulation
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system responds to emergency situations by increasing heart rate and blood pressure?
Sympathetic nervous system
What is the term used to describe the embryo after 12 weeks of gestation?
Fetus
Where does implantation of the embryo occur?
Uterus
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the function of synapses in the nervous system?
Transmit impulses
What is the primary role of the placenta in fetal development?
Exchange nutrients and waste between mother and fetus
What is the role of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?
It produces progesterone to prepare the endometrium for potential pregnancy.
What is the primary function of the amniotic egg in vertebrates?
To maintain a controlled aquatic environment for the developing embryo
Which reproductive mode combines aspects of both ovipary and vivipary?
Ovovivipary
Which hormone peaks around day 14 of the menstrual cycle, triggering ovulation?
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
What is the key function of FSH in the menstrual cycle?
Stimulating the development of the follicle in the ovaries.
What is a key evolutionary advancement that allows reptiles, birds, and some mammals to reproduce away from water bodies?
The amniotic egg
Which structure develops into extra-embryonic membranes and contributes to placenta formation?
Chorion
Which developmental strategy results in underdeveloped offspring that require extensive parental care?
Altricial
What occurs if fertilization does not happen during the menstrual cycle?
Corpus luteum shrinks and stops producing progesterone.
What is the primary advantage of precocial development in offspring?
It reduces the burden of extensive parental care
What is the primary function of the Seminal Vesicles in the male reproductive system?
Produce a fluid rich in nutrients for sperm cells
Which male reproductive structure is responsible for producing hormones like testosterone and stimulating the maturation of sperm cells?
Testes
In the male reproductive system, what is the function of the Vas Deferens (Sperm Duct)?
Transport sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
What is the primary role of the Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in males?
Produce mucus-like fluid to lubricate the urethra
What is the function of the Epididymis in the male reproductive system?
Where sperm cells mature and are stored
What is the primary function of the Cerebrum in the brain?
Interpreting sensations and enabling perception
Which part of the brain coordinates all voluntary movements and helps maintain balance and muscle tension?
Cerebellum
What is the primary role of the Corpus Callosum in the brain?
Facilitating communication between nerve impulses
Which type of neurons transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
What function does the Autonomic Nervous System primarily control?
Involuntary muscles
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system?
Control involuntary actions to maintain homeostasis
Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for emergency situations?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the role of sensory (afferent) neurons in the nervous system?
Sense stimuli and transmit impulses towards the central nervous system
Which hormone plays a crucial role in preparing the body for 'fight or flight' situations?
Adrenaline
What is the function of interneurons in the nervous system?
Link sensory neurons to motor neurons and process information
What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum post-ovulation to prepare the endometrium for potential pregnancy?
Progesterone
What process involves the development of a solid ball of cells known as the morula post-fertilization?
Mitosis
Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus during the menstrual cycle?
Oestrogen
What is the primary role of the amnion and chorion in the reproductive process?
Form extra-embryonic membranes
Which hormone stimulates the development of the follicle in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle?
FSH
What is the main advantage of vivipary in vertebrates?
It provides a controlled environment for embryo development
Which reproductive mode allows parents to spread the risk of predation and increase the chances of species survival?
Ovipary
What is the evolutionary significance of the amniotic egg for terrestrial vertebrates?
It enables reproduction away from water bodies
What is the role of the placenta in fetal development?
Supplying nutrients and oxygen to the fetus
Which developmental strategy tends to result in potentially higher brain mass and more complex behaviors in adulthood?
Altricial
What is a key aspect of vertebrates' evolutionary success related to reproductive strategies?
Each strategy has its advantages and disadvantages shaped by evolutionary pressures
Which system consists of cranial and spinal nerves, divided into autonomic and somatic components?
Peripheral nervous system
What is the main function of synapses in the nervous system?
Transmit impulses between neurons
Which statement is true about the central nervous system (CNS)?
It includes cranial and spinal nerves
During fertilization, what is formed when a zygote divides by mitosis?
Morula
Where do sperm cells mature in the male reproductive system?
Epididymis
Which gland produces a nutrient-rich fluid for sperm cells in the male reproductive system?
Prostate Gland
What is the function of the Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?
Transports egg cells from the ovary to the uterus
Which hormone primarily drives male puberty?
Testosterone
What is the role of the Urethra in the male reproductive system?
Expels semen during ejaculation
What is the primary hormone that drives female puberty?
Oestrogen
What is the primary function of the middle portion (neck) of a sperm cell?
Energy production
Which hormone is responsible for thickening the endometrium in the uterus?
Progesterone
What is the process involving the production of female gametes in the ovaries called?
Oogenesis
Which part of the sperm cell contains enzymes necessary for penetrating the egg during fertilization?
Acrosome on the head
What is the main advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?
Increased likelihood of successful fertilization
Which environmental condition is necessary for internal fertilization in vertebrates?
Specific temperature range
What is a key disadvantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?
Dependence on specific environmental conditions
Which type of animals commonly utilize internal fertilization as a reproductive strategy?
Terrestrial animals
How does internal fertilization in vertebrates increase the chances of successful reproduction?
By allowing for a higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg
What is the primary function of the Cerebellum in the brain?
Coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance
Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the key role of the Corpus Callosum in brain function?
Connecting the left and right brain hemispheres
Which type of neurons transmit impulses from sense organs to the brain and spinal cord?
Sensory Neurons
What is the primary function of the Spinal Cord in the central nervous system?
Transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain
What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Prepare the body for emergency situations
Where does the parasympathetic nervous system have its main effect?
Decreases heart rate and dilates blood vessels in the skin
Which neuron type transmits impulses from the central nervous system to effectors like muscles and glands?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
What is the primary role of adrenaline in the autonomic nervous system?
Increases heart rate and constricts blood vessels in the skin
In which phase of nerve impulse transmission do neurotransmitters play a crucial role?
Connection at synapses between neurons
Which reproductive mode allows parents to produce many offspring simultaneously, spreading the risk of individual predation?
Ovipary
What is a common feature of precocial species in terms of their offspring's development?
Covered in fur, able to walk shortly after birth
Which evolutionary advancement provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo, protecting it from dehydration and physical harm?
The amniotic egg
What is a key advantage of altricial species in terms of their offspring's development?
Higher brain mass and more complex behaviors in adulthood
What is the primary function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
Producing sperm cells and testosterone
What is a key advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?
Production of a large number of offspring
Which type of animals commonly exhibit internal fertilization?
Reptiles and birds
What is the primary advantage of internal fertilization in vertebrates over external fertilization?
Higher likelihood of sperm meeting egg
What is the role of the Fallopian Tubes in the female reproductive system?
Transport of eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
What is a key advantage of internal fertilization in terrestrial animals?
Increased protection of eggs from predators
Which hormone is responsible for driving male gamete (sperm cell) production?
Testosterone
What is the main function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?
Containing enzymes for penetrating the egg
During oogenesis, how many mature ovum (egg cells) are typically produced from one meiotic division?
Two
What is the main purpose of the middle portion (neck) of a sperm cell?
Supplies energy for motility
Where do sperm cells mature and get stored after production in the male reproductive system?
Epididymis
What initiates the development of a mature Graafian follicle during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What is the primary function of the Seminal Vesicles in the male reproductive system?
Produce energy for sperm cells
Which structure in the female reproductive system serves as the birth canal?
Vagina
What hormone primarily stimulates male puberty?
Testosterone
What is the primary function of the Cervix in the female reproductive system?
Stretch and open during childbirth
What happens on Day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
Rupture of the Graafian follicle
Which hormone stimulates the endometrium to thicken and develop more blood vessels and glands for potential embryo implantation?
Progesterone
What is the result of fertilization during copulation in the female reproductive system?
Formation of a diploid zygote
What is the process where the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrium called?
Implantation
Which hormone is primarily responsible for preventing menstruation and supporting pregnancy post-ovulation?
Progesterone
What is the function of the placenta in fetal development?
Delivering oxygenated blood to the embryo
Which structure develops many finger-like villi that grow into the uterine tissue to form the placenta?
Chorion
Which system regulates involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What is the role of synapses in the nervous system?
Transmit impulses using neurotransmitters
When does an embryo develop into a fetus?
At approximately 8 weeks of development
What is the primary role of the Hypothalamus in the brain?
Regulating autonomic functions such as hunger and body temperature
Which part of the central nervous system ensures efficient communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus Callosum
What is the main function of Motor (Efferent) Neurons in the nervous system?
Transmitting impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands
Which part of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary muscles?
Somatic Nervous System
What is the key function of Sensory (Afferent) Neurons in the nervous system?
Detecting stimuli and transmitting impulses to the spinal cord and brain
What is the primary function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Responds to external stimuli to maintain homeostasis
Which branch of the Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the main function of Sensory (Afferent) Neurons?
Sense stimuli and transmit impulses towards the central nervous system
Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus and cytoplasm?
Cell Body
Where does the connection between neurons occur?
Synapse
What is the primary hormone responsible for driving male puberty?
Testosterone
Which of the following is NOT a part of a fully-fledged sperm cell's structure?
Ribosomes
What is the primary hormone driving female puberty?
Oestrogen
Where does spermatogenesis occur in males?
Seminiferous Tubules
Which female gamete undergoes meiosis to form a mature ovum?
Secondary Oocyte
Which of the following is true about ovipary?
The young receive nutrition from the egg yolk
What is a key advantage of vivipary?
The offspring receive nutrition and protection until birth
What evolutionary advancement is associated with the amniotic egg?
Provides a self-contained aquatic environment for the developing embryo
Which developmental strategy leads to potentially higher brain mass and more complex behaviors in adulthood?
Altricial
How does parental care influence the reproductive success of vertebrates?
By directly influencing the survival rates of the young
What is the fate of the zygote after fertilization?
It divides into a blastocyst
Which part of the nervous system consists of cranial and spinal nerves?
Peripheral nervous system
What is the primary function of synapses in the nervous system?
Conducting electrical signals
What is the primary role of the chorion in fetal development?
Forming the placenta
Which term refers to the time period from fertilization to birth in humans?
Gestation period
Where is the primary location for sperm production in males?
Epididymis
What is the purpose of Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Gland) in the male reproductive system?
Produce mucus-like fluid to lubricate the urethra
Which female reproductive structure serves as the birth canal and passage for menstrual blood?
Vagina
What is the function of testosterone in the male reproductive system?
Stimulate maturation of sperm cells
Which part of a sperm cell contains enzymes essential for penetrating the egg cell during fertilization?
Acrosome
What is the major advantage of external fertilization in vertebrates?
Increased likelihood of survival for the offspring
Which environmental condition is crucial for external fertilization to occur?
Access to water
In internal fertilization, where does fertilization occur in vertebrates?
Inside the female's body
Which statement accurately describes internal fertilization in vertebrates?
It provides a higher likelihood of successful fertilization
What is a significant advantage of internal fertilization over external fertilization in vertebrates?
Higher chances of successful fertilization
What hormone is responsible for stimulating the development of the follicle in the ovaries?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
When does the Graafian follicle burst to release an egg cell?
Day 14
What is the fate of the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
It shrinks and stops producing progesterone
Which hormone is primarily responsible for thickening the endometrium in preparation for potential embryo implantation?
Estrogen
What is the role of the chorion in the development of the blastocyst?
Contributing to placenta formation
Which part of the brain facilitates communication between the left and right hemispheres?
Corpus Callosum
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
Maintaining homeostasis and controlling functions like hunger and body temperature
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for managing involuntary muscles like the heartbeat and digestion?
Autonomic Nervous System
What is the main role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Connect sensory and motor neurons
How does the cerebellum contribute to the body's movements?
Maintaining balance and muscle tension for coordinated body movements
What is the main function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
Restore the body to a normal state after an emergency has passed
Which type of neurons respond to stimuli by transmitting impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors like muscles and glands?
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
What is the role of Adrenaline in the context of the autonomic nervous system?
Prepare the body for 'fight or flight' situations
What is the primary function of Dendrites in a neuron?
Receive signals from other neurons and transmit impulses towards the cell body
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for emergency situations?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What is the role of receptors in the body's response to environmental stimuli?
Detect changes in the external and internal environments
Which component of a neuron receives signals from other cells?
Dendrites
What are effectors in the context of the nervous system response?
Respond to nerve impulses sent by the nervous system
Which part of the body would act as an effector when receiving a nerve impulse?
Gland or muscle
Which type of receptors in the skin detect touch or pressure?
Mechanoreceptors
What is the function of an axon in a neuron?
Transmits nerve impulses to effectors
Which part of the eye is responsible for detecting light and color?
Rods and cones
During a nervous system response, what happens when a muscle effector receives an impulse?
It can contract, leading to movement
What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?
Transmit electrical and chemical signals
Which structures are responsible for responding to nerve impulses sent by the nervous system?
Effectors
What is the function of the choroid in the human eye?
Supplying nutrients to the retina
Which part of the eye helps control the amount of light entering the eye?
Ciliary body
What is the primary function of the optic nerve in the human eye?
Transmitting impulses to the brain for image interpretation
Which part of the eye is responsible for maintaining the eyeball's shape?
Sclera
During accommodation, which part of the eye changes shape to focus on near and distant objects?
Lens
What is the role of rods and cones in the retina?
Converting light into electrical impulses
Which eye structure contains muscles to control the pupil size?
Iris
What is the purpose of the pinna in the human ear?
To direct sound waves into the auditory canal
Which structure of the human ear is responsible for converting sound into nerve impulses?
Organ of Corti
What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?
Equalizing pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
Which part of the human ear is responsible for maintaining balance by detecting changes in body speed and direction?
Vestibule
How are middle ear infections typically treated?
Medication and insertion of grommets (draining tubes)
What causes deafness in individuals according to the text?
Hardening of ear tissues like the ossicles
How are pressure waves generated in the cochlea?
Movement of the oval window
What is the main function of the semi-circular canals in the inner ear?
Maintaining balance and detecting changes in body speed and direction
What happens when receptors in the sacculus and utriculus are stimulated?
Changes in head position relative to gravity are detected.
Which structure contains sensory hair cells responsible for converting sound into nerve impulses?
Organ of Corti
What is the primary function of receptors in the body?
Detect changes in the internal and external environments
Which part of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals?
Dendrites
What is the role of neurons in the nervous system?
Transmit nerve impulses
Which of the following are effectors in the body?
Glands and muscles
What do photoreceptors in the eye primarily detect?
Light
In the nervous system, what is the function of a cell body in a neuron?
Process information
Which part of a neuron transmits the nerve impulse to other neurons or effectors?
Axon
What is the main function of effectors in the body's response to stimuli?
Respond to impulses sent by the nervous system
Which part of the skin is responsible for detecting touch or pressure?
Mechanoreceptors
What type of cells make up the primary components of the nervous system?
Neurons
What is the primary function of the Ciliary Body in the human eye?
Change the lens's shape for accommodation
Which part of the human eye is responsible for transforming light into electrical impulses?
Retina
What is the role of the Yellow Spot (Macula) in the human eye?
Offer clearest vision with highest cone concentration
What occurs during accommodation in the human eye?
Changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances
In bright light conditions, what happens to the pupil size due to the pupillary mechanism in the human eye?
Pupil constricts, reducing light entry
What visual defect is characterized by the inability to see distant objects clearly?
Myopia
Which part of a fully-fledged sperm cell contains enzymes essential for penetrating the egg cell during fertilization?
Acrosome
What is the function of the Vitreous Humour in the human eye?
Maintain eyeball's shape and play a minor role in refraction
During which phase of nerve impulse transmission do sensory neurons play a vital role?
Reflex arc through spinal cord
Binocular vision provides humans with which important ability?
Depth perception and wider field of vision
What is the primary function of the pinna in the human ear?
Directing sound waves into the auditory canal
What is the role of the ossicles in the human ear?
Transmitting sound waves to the oval window
What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the human ear?
Connecting the middle ear to the throat
Which part of the ear detects changes in the head's position relative to gravity?
Semi-circular canals
How are sound vibrations converted into nerve impulses in the human ear?
By stimulating sensory hair cells in the organ of Corti
What causes a middle ear infection in humans?
Fluid buildup due to pathogens entering through Eustachian tube
Which treatment option is used for middle ear infections?
Insertion of grommets (draining tubes) into the tympanic membrane
Which structure is responsible for maintaining balance in humans?
Semi-circular canals
What is the function of maculae in the human ear?
Detecting changes in head position relative to gravity
How does a cochlear implant help individuals with deafness?
Converts sound vibrations into electrical impulses for auditory nerve
What is the function of the pinna in the human ear?
To direct sound waves into the auditory canal
Which structure in the human ear is responsible for detecting changes in the body's speed and direction?
Semi-circular canals
What is the primary cause of a middle ear infection?
Fluid buildup and inflammation due to pathogens
Which part of the ear is responsible for transmitting and amplifying vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?
Ossicles
How does the organ of Corti in the cochlea convert sound into nerve impulses?
By stimulating sensory hair cells
What is the primary treatment for a middle ear infection?
Insertion of grommets
Which structure of the human ear equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?
Eustachian tube
What is the main role of the semi-circular canals in the human ear?
To detect changes in head position relative to gravity
How are balance signals transmitted from receptors in the semi-circular canals to the cerebellum?
Through vestibulocochlear nerve impulses
What structure connects the middle ear to the throat, helping equalize pressure?
Eustachian tube
Which division of the human nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary actions?
Autonomic nervous system
What part of the eye adjusts the tension on suspensory ligaments to change the lens's shape for accommodation?
Ciliary body
In the human eye, which structure contains light-sensitive cells that transform light into electrical impulses?
Retina
What is the main function of the vitreous humor in the human eye?
Maintaining the eyeball's shape
Which visual defect causes difficulty in seeing close objects clearly?
Hyperopia
What is the primary function of the optic nerve in the human eye?
Transmitting impulses from the retina to the brain
In bright light, what happens to the pupil size due to the action of the iris?
It contracts
Binocular vision provides humans with which ability?
Wider field of vision
What is the primary role of receptors in the body?
Detect changes in the external and internal environments
Which part of a neuron transmits the impulse to other neurons or effectors?
Axon
What do effectors do in response to impulses sent by the nervous system?
Contract (muscles) or secrete substances (glands)
What type of stimuli can the body respond to through receptors?
Light, sound, taste, temperature, and pressure
Which component of the nervous system transmits impulses from the central nervous system to effectors?
Axon
What is the main function of neurons in the nervous system?
Transmit electrical signals
What happens when a muscle cell (effector) receives an impulse from the nervous system?
Contract, leading to movement
Which structures in the eye detect light and color?
Rods and cones
How do neurons carry information in the body?
Through electrical signals
What is the main function of mechanoreceptors in the skin?
Detect touch or pressure
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